Brain Tumor Surgery in Delhi, India

A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within or around the brain. Tumors can originate in the brain itself, known as primary brain tumors, or spread to the brain from cancer elsewhere in the body, known as secondary or metastatic brain tumors. Brain tumors are broadly classified as benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors grow slowly and do not invade surrounding tissue, while malignant tumors tend to grow more aggressively and may spread into nearby brain tissue. Even benign tumors, however, can cause serious symptoms depending on their size and location.

Symptoms vary by tumor location and may include persistent headaches, seizures, vision or speech difficulties, memory or personality changes, limb weakness, or problems with balance and coordination.

Common Types of Brain Tumors

• Gliomas: The most common primary brain tumors, arising from glial cells. They range from slow-growing low-grade tumors to aggressive high-grade tumors such as glioblastoma.
• Meningiomas: Tumors that develop in the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Most are benign and slow-growing.
• Pituitary Adenomas: Benign tumors of the pituitary gland that can affect hormone levels and vision.
• Acoustic Neuromas: Benign tumors on the nerve connecting the ear to the brain, often causing hearing loss or balance problems.
• Metastatic Tumors: Cancers that have spread to the brain from other parts of the body, such as the lung, breast, or skin.

Surgery is often a key part of brain tumor treatment, but the decision to operate depends on several factors including the tumor's type, size, location, and the patient's overall health. Surgery may be recommended in the following situations:

• To confirm the diagnosis: When imaging alone cannot definitively identify the nature of a tumor, surgery allows tissue to be collected and examined, providing a precise diagnosis that guides all further treatment decisions.
• To relieve pressure on the brain: As a tumor grows, it can increase pressure within the skull, causing severe headaches, nausea, or neurological deterioration. Surgical removal or debulking can provide significant and immediate relief.
• To remove the tumor completely: Where the tumor's size and location allow, complete surgical removal offers the best chance of long-term control, particularly for benign tumors.
• To reduce tumor size before other treatments: Even when complete removal is not possible, reducing the tumor's size through surgery can improve the effectiveness of radiation or chemotherapy that follows.
• When the tumor is growing or causing worsening symptoms: A tumor that is enlarging or increasingly affecting neurological function may require surgical intervention to prevent further deterioration.
• When other treatments have not been effective: In cases where radiation or chemotherapy has not adequately controlled the tumor, surgery may be considered as part of a revised treatment plan.

The type of surgery recommended depends on several factors, including the tumour’s size, location, type, and how close it is to important areas of the brain. The overall health of the patient and the goals of treatment are also carefully considered before planning surgery.

Craniotomy: A craniotomy is the most commonly performed surgery for brain tumours. In this procedure, the surgeon temporarily removes a small section of the skull to access the tumour. After removing as much of the tumour as safely possible, the bone is placed back into position.

When it is done: Most brain tumours that can be safely reached through surgery, including both benign and malignant tumours.

Awake Brain Surgery: In certain cases, surgery may be performed while the patient is awake for part of the procedure. This helps the surgical team monitor important functions such as speech, movement, or memory in real time while removing the tumour.

When it is done: Tumours located near areas of the brain that control critical functions such as speech, language, or movement.

Endoscopic Brain Surgery: This minimally invasive approach uses a thin tube with a camera and specialised instruments to access and remove certain tumours through small openings.

When it is done: Selected tumours located in deep or narrow areas of the brain, such as near the ventricles or skull base.

Skull Base Surgery: Skull base surgery is used for tumours located at the bottom of the brain or near important nerves and blood vessels. Depending on the tumour, the surgery may be performed through traditional approaches or through the nose using endoscopic techniques.

When it is done: Tumours involving the skull base, pituitary gland, or nearby structures.

Stereotactic Biopsy: Sometimes, removing the tumour immediately may not be possible or necessary. In such cases, a stereotactic biopsy may be performed to remove a small tissue sample for testing. Advanced imaging and computer-guided techniques help the surgeon target the exact area safely.

When it is done: Deep-seated tumours, tumours in sensitive areas, or cases where diagnosis is needed before planning further treatment.

The most suitable surgical approach is decided after detailed imaging, neurological evaluation, and discussion with the patient and family to ensure the safest and most effective treatment plan possible.

Brain tumour surgery is a highly specialised procedure, and while it is performed with careful planning and advanced technology, it still carries certain risks. The exact risks can vary depending on the tumour’s size, location, type, and the overall health of the patient.

• Risk of neurological changes: Depending on the tumor's location, surgery may temporarily or permanently affect brain function, causing changes in speech, memory, movement, vision, or personality. Surgeons take every precaution to map and preserve critical brain areas.
• Risk of infection: As with any surgery involving the brain, there is a risk of infection at the surgical site or within the brain itself, such as meningitis or abscess. Sterile techniques and prophylactic antibiotics help minimize this risk.
• Risk of bleeding or haematoma: Bleeding during or after surgery can occur. In rare cases, a collection of blood may form within the brain, requiring prompt medical attention or further intervention.
• Risk of brain swelling: Surgery can cause temporary swelling of the brain, which is carefully managed with medication and monitoring in the post-operative period.
• Risk of seizures: Brain tumor surgery can occasionally trigger seizures, both in the immediate post-operative period and in the longer term. Anti-seizure medications are used to reduce this risk.
• Risk of anaesthesia complications: General anaesthesia carries its own set of risks, which are assessed and managed by an experienced anaesthesia team before and during surgery.
• Risk of incomplete removal: In some cases, the tumor's location near critical structures may prevent complete removal, requiring additional treatment such as radiation or chemotherapy.
• Risk of recurrence: Even after successful surgery, some tumors may regrow over time, particularly malignant tumors. Regular follow-up and imaging are essential for monitoring.
• Risk of blood clots: Prolonged surgery and reduced mobility during recovery can increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Preventive measures are taken routinely.

At Max Hospitals, our neurosurgical team discusses these risks openly and honestly with every patient and their family before surgery, ensuring informed decision-making and peace of mind. Every step, from surgical planning to post-operative monitoring, is taken to minimise complications and support the best possible outcome.

Understanding each stage of brain tumor surgery helps patients and their families feel prepared, informed, and confident throughout the process.

During the Days Before Surgery

• Initial consultation and diagnosis: The neurosurgeon reviews the patient's symptoms, medical history, and imaging results. At Max Hospitals, advanced scans such as MRI and CT are used to precisely map the tumor's size, location, and relationship to surrounding brain structures.
• Multidisciplinary planning: At Max Hospitals, a dedicated team of neurosurgeons, oncologists, radiologists, and neurologists reviews each case together to determine the safest and most effective surgical approach for every individual patient.
• Medical evaluation: The patient's overall health is assessed, including heart and lung function, blood work, and a review of all medications and allergies that may affect surgery or anaesthesia .
• Functional mapping: For tumors near critical brain areas, Max Hospitals employs functional MRI and neurophysiological testing to identify regions controlling speech, movement, and memory, helping the surgical team plan with maximum precision.
• Pre-operative instructions: Clear guidance is provided on fasting requirements, medication adjustments, and what to expect on the day of surgery, ensuring patients feel fully prepared.
• Consent and questions: The procedure, risks, expected outcomes, and alternatives are explained in detail by the Max Hospitals team. All questions from the patient and family are answered thoroughly before informed consent is obtained.

On the Day of Surgery

• Admission and preparation: The patient is admitted and prepared by Max Hospitals' surgical and anaesthesia teams. Monitoring equipment is placed to track brain and body function throughout the procedure.
• Anaesthesia: Most brain tumor surgeries are performed under general anaesthesia. In cases where the tumor is near speech or motor areas, Max Hospitals' neurosurgeons are experienced in performing awake craniotomies, during which the patient is kept comfortable but conscious for part of the procedure to protect critical brain function.
• The surgical procedure: Depending on the chosen approach, the surgeon accesses the tumor through a craniotomy or minimally invasive technique, carefully removing as much of the tumor as safely possible while preserving surrounding healthy brain tissue. At Max Hospitals, intraoperative imaging, neurophysiological monitoring, and image-guided navigation are routinely used to maximise precision and safety.
• Duration: Brain tumor surgery can range from 2 to 8 hours or more, depending on the tumor's size, location, and complexity.
• Immediate recovery: After surgery, the patient is moved to Max Hospitals' intensive care unit for close monitoring of neurological function, vital signs, and wound healing.

After Surgery

• ICU and ward care: Patients are closely monitored in the ICU before being transferred to a regular ward as their condition stabilises. At Max Hospitals, neurological checks are performed regularly to detect any early changes and ensure a smooth recovery.
• Managing swelling and pain: Medications are prescribed to control brain swelling, prevent seizures, and manage pain and discomfort during the early recovery period.
• Rehabilitation: Depending on the tumor's location and the extent of surgery, some patients may experience temporary changes in speech, movement, or cognition. At Max Hospitals, a dedicated rehabilitation team including physiotherapists, speech therapists, and occupational therapists works closely with patients to support recovery and restore function.
• Follow-up and further treatment: A follow-up MRI is typically performed within days of surgery to assess the extent of tumor removal. At Max Hospitals, further treatment such as radiation or chemotherapy, where needed, is planned and delivered seamlessly in coordination with our oncology team.

A brain tumour diagnosis often brings many questions, concerns, and treatment decisions for patients and their loved ones. During such a time, choosing the right medical team and hospital becomes especially important. Here’s why patients from across India and abroad trust Max Hospitals for brain tumour surgery.

• Experienced Neurosurgeons: Brain tumour surgeries at Max Hospitals are performed by experienced neurosurgeons who manage a wide range of simple and complex brain tumours. Their expertise helps ensure careful surgical planning and treatment tailored to each patient’s condition.
• Advanced Surgical Technology: Modern surgical technologies and imaging systems support greater precision during surgery. Advanced microscopes, neuronavigation systems, intraoperative monitoring, and minimally invasive techniques help surgeons remove tumours as safely as possible while protecting healthy brain tissue.
• Multidisciplinary Care: Brain tumour treatment often involves specialists from multiple departments working together. Neurosurgeons, neurologists, oncologists, radiologists, rehabilitation experts, and critical care teams collaborate closely to create an integrated treatment plan for each patient.
• Personalised Treatment Planning: No two brain tumours are exactly alike. Treatment decisions are carefully tailored based on the tumour type, location, size, symptoms, overall health, and treatment goals of the patient.
• Comprehensive Pre- and Post-Surgical Support: Care extends beyond the operation itself. Patients receive support throughout diagnosis, surgery, recovery, rehabilitation, and follow-up care, helping them and their families feel informed and supported at every stage.
• Focus on Neurological Function and Quality of Life: The goal of surgery is not only tumour removal but also preservation of important brain functions wherever possible. Surgical planning focuses on maintaining speech, movement, memory, vision, and overall quality of life.
• Advanced ICU and Rehabilitation Support: Dedicated neuro-intensive care units and rehabilitation services help support recovery after surgery. Physiotherapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and neurological rehabilitation may be provided when needed to help patients regain independence and function.
• Clear Communication and Family Support: Patients and families often have many questions and concerns during brain tumour treatment. At Max Hospitals, doctors and care teams focus on clear communication, realistic guidance, and compassionate support throughout the treatment journey.

What is brain tumour surgery?

Brain tumour surgery is a procedure performed to remove all or part of a tumour from the brain. The goal may be to remove the tumour completely, reduce its size, relieve pressure on the brain, improve symptoms, or confirm the diagnosis through laboratory testing. The type of surgery depends on the tumour’s size, location, and how close it is to important areas of the brain.

What causes a brain tumour?

The exact cause of most brain tumours is not always clear. Brain tumours develop when certain cells in or around the brain grow abnormally and multiply uncontrollably. In some cases, genetic factors, previous radiation exposure, or cancers that spread from other parts of the body may increase the risk. However, many brain tumours occur without any known cause.

Are brain tumours hereditary?

Most brain tumours are not hereditary. However, a small number may be linked to inherited genetic conditions or family history. Having a family member with a brain tumour does not necessarily mean someone else in the family will develop one, but doctors may recommend evaluation if there is a strong family history of certain neurological conditions.

Can brain tumours be prevented?

There is no guaranteed way to prevent brain tumours because the exact cause is often unknown. However, maintaining overall health, avoiding unnecessary exposure to radiation, and seeking medical attention for persistent neurological symptoms may help with early detection and management.

Are brain tumour headaches constant? Brain tumour headaches are not always constant. Some people experience persistent headaches, while others may notice headaches that come and go. These headaches may gradually become more frequent or severe over time, especially if the tumour increases pressure within the brain.

Do brain tumour headaches come and go?

Yes, brain tumour headaches can come and go, particularly in the early stages. They may feel worse in the morning, during coughing or bending, or when pressure inside the skull changes. However, headaches alone do not necessarily mean someone has a brain tumour, as many other conditions can also cause headaches.

Can brain tumours affect behaviour or personality?

Yes, some brain tumours can affect behaviour, mood, emotions, or personality, especially if they involve areas of the brain responsible for thinking, judgement, memory, or emotional control. Family members may sometimes notice confusion, irritability, forgetfulness, or changes in behaviour before other symptoms become obvious.

Do people change after brain tumour surgery?

Recovery after brain tumour surgery varies from person to person. Some patients may experience temporary changes in speech, memory, mood, behaviour, or concentration during recovery, particularly if the tumour was located near important brain areas. In many cases, these changes improve over time with healing, rehabilitation, and supportive care.

Can someone live a normal life after brain tumour surgery?

Many people are able to return to their normal routines and daily activities after brain tumour surgery, although recovery time and long-term outcomes vary depending on the tumour type, location, and overall health of the patient. Some patients may need rehabilitation or ongoing treatment, while others recover with minimal long-term limitations.

What precautions should be taken after brain tumour surgery?

After brain tumour surgery, patients are usually advised to get adequate rest, avoid strenuous activities for a period of time, take medications as prescribed, attend follow-up appointments, and monitor for symptoms such as severe headache, fever, seizures, or worsening neurological changes. Recovery instructions may vary depending on the type of surgery and the patient’s condition.

Is brain tumour surgery always necessary?

Not all brain tumours require surgery immediately. Some small, slow-growing, or asymptomatic tumours may simply be monitored with regular scans. Surgery is usually recommended when the tumour is causing symptoms, growing, or affecting important brain functions.

Is every brain tumour cancerous?

No. Brain tumours can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Even benign tumours may still require treatment if they grow large enough to press on nearby parts of the brain.

How long does brain tumour surgery take?

The duration depends on the tumour’s size, location, and complexity. Some surgeries may take a few hours, while more complex procedures can take significantly longer.

Will the entire tumour always be removed?

Complete removal may be possible in some cases, but not always. If the tumour is located close to important brain structures, the surgeon may remove only as much as is safely possible to avoid damaging critical brain functions.

Is brain tumour surgery painful?

Patients do not feel pain during surgery because anaesthesia is used. After surgery, some discomfort, headache, or swelling is common, but these symptoms are usually managed with medication and supportive care.

How long is the recovery after brain tumour surgery?

Recovery varies from person to person depending on the type of surgery, the tumour location, and the patient’s overall health. Some patients recover within a few weeks, while others may need a longer rehabilitation period.

Will I need rehabilitation after surgery?

Some patients may benefit from physiotherapy, speech therapy, or occupational therapy after surgery, especially if the tumour or surgery has affected movement, speech, balance, or daily activities.

Can brain tumours come back after surgery?

Some brain tumours can return even after successful treatment. Regular follow-up appointments and imaging scans are important for monitoring recovery and detecting any recurrence early.

Will I need additional treatment after surgery?

Depending on the tumour type and laboratory results, some patients may require additional treatment such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or ongoing monitoring after surgery.

What are the warning signs of a brain tumour?

Symptoms can vary, but common warning signs include persistent headaches, seizures, weakness, difficulty speaking, balance problems, vision changes, memory issues, or changes in behaviour. These symptoms can also occur with other conditions, so medical evaluation is important.

Is brain tumour surgery safe?

Brain tumour surgery is a highly specialised procedure that is carefully planned using advanced imaging and surgical techniques. While all surgeries carry risks, experienced neurosurgical teams take multiple precautions to improve safety and protect important brain functions.

How soon can someone return to normal activities after surgery?

This depends on the individual’s recovery and the type of work or activity involved. Light daily activities may resume gradually within weeks, while physically demanding activities may take longer and should only be resumed after medical advice.

Can older adults undergo brain tumour surgery?

Age alone does not determine whether surgery is possible. Doctors evaluate the patient’s overall health, neurological condition, tumour characteristics, and treatment goals before recommending surgery.

What happens to the tumour after it is removed?

The removed tumour tissue is sent to a laboratory for detailed examination. This helps confirm the exact tumour type and guides decisions about further treatment and long-term care.

Reviewed by Dr Anurag Gupta, Associate Director & Head of the Unit – Neurosurgery, Neurosciences, Spine Surgery, on 18 June 2026.