Cancer Care / Oncology

Breast cancer, a common but complex disease, requires specialised and comprehensive care for effective treatment. At Max Hospitals, we recognize the intricacies of breast cancer and are dedicated to offering a holistic approach that blends advanced medical expertise with compassionate care. Our multidisciplinary team of oncologists, surgeons, and support staff collaborates to create personalised treatment plans tailored to each patient's unique needs. From state-of-the-art diagnostic tools to the latest in therapeutic options, Max Hospitals leads the way in breast cancer treatment, committed to achieving the best possible outcomes for our patients. What is Breast Cancer? Breast cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the cells of the breasts. It is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in women worldwide, but men can also develop it. Breast cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the breast begin to grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a tumour. These cancerous cells can invade surrounding tissues and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Types of Breast Cancer Breast cancer can be classified into several types based on where it originates and its characteristics. The main types include: Invasive Carcinoma: This is the most common type, where cancer cells spread beyond the initial location in the breast tissue. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is an early-stage cancer where abnormal cells are present only within the milk ducts and haven't invaded surrounding tissues. Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS): Similar to DCIS, but the abnormal cells are found in the milk-producing lobules. While not cancerous itself, LCIS increases the risk of developing invasive breast cancer later. Less common types: Other less frequent types include inflammatory breast cancer, Paget's disease of the breast, and metastatic breast cancer (cancer that originated elsewhere and spread to the breast). Similarly, there are others such as Medullary, Mucinous, Tubular, Metaplastic, Papillary, and Apocrine. Breast Cancer Causes The exact cause of breast cancer remains unknown. However, several factors are believed to contribute to its development: Genetic mutations: Inherited changes in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2 significantly increase breast cancer risk. Hormonal factors: Exposure to oestrogen over a longer period increases the risk. This includes factors like starting menstruation at a young age, having late menopause, or taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for an extended period. Lifestyle factors: Obesity, lack of physical activity, and excessive alcohol consumption can increase risk. Dense breast tissue: Breasts with more glandular tissue and less fatty tissue might be harder to screen for abnormalities and carry a slightly higher risk. Family history: Having a close relative (mother, sister, daughter) with breast cancer increases one’s risk. Breast Cancer Risk Factors Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer. Some of these factors are modifiable, while others are not. Key risk factors include: Age: The risk of breast cancer increases as a woman gets older. Most breast cancers are diagnosed after age 50. Genetic Mutations: Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Family History: Having a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) with breast cancer nearly doubles a woman’s risk. Reproductive History: Early menstruation (before age 12) and late menopause (after age 55) increase the risk due to prolonged exposure to hormones. Dense Breast Tissue: Women with dense breast tissue have a higher risk of breast cancer and may have more difficulty detecting it on mammograms. Previous Breast Conditions: Certain non-cancerous breast conditions, such as atypical hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), are associated with an increased risk. Hormone Replacement Therapy: Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during menopause is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. Radiation Exposure: Women who received radiation therapy to the chest for other cancers (such as Hodgkin's lymphoma) before age 30 have a higher risk of developing breast cancer later in life. Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption, and poor diet are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Reproductive History: Having the first pregnancy after age 30, not breastfeeding, and never having a full-term pregnancy can increase the risk of breast cancer. Understanding these risk factors can help in developing strategies for prevention, early detection, and treatment of breast cancer. Regular screenings, lifestyle modifications, and genetic counselling for those with a family history are essential components of breast cancer management. Breast Cancer Symptoms Breast cancer symptoms can vary from person to person, and some women might not experience any noticeable changes at all. However, it's important to be aware of potential signs and symptoms to facilitate early detection. Here's a list of breast cancer symptoms one must watch out for: Lump in the Breast or Underarm: The most common symptom is a new lump or mass in the breast or underarm (armpit). These lumps are often hard, irregular in shape, and painless, though some can be soft, round, and tender. Change in Breast Size or Shape: Any unexplained change in the size, shape, or appearance of the breast should be evaluated. This may include swelling of part or all of the breast, even if no distinct lump is felt. Skin Changes: Look for dimpling, puckering, or redness of the breast skin. Sometimes the skin may have a texture resembling an orange peel. Nipple Changes: This includes nipple discharge (other than breast milk), particularly if it is bloody, clear, or occurs without squeezing. Inversion (turning inward) or retraction of the nipple and any changes in the appearance of the nipple, such as scaling or thickening, are also concerning signs. Pain: Although most breast cancers do not cause pain, persistent breast pain or discomfort that does not correlate with the menstrual cycle or other benign conditions should be checked. Breast or Nipple Pain: Pain or tenderness in the breast or nipple area can be a symptom. However, it's important to note that breast pain alone is rarely a symptom of cancer. Swelling in the Armpit or Around the Collarbone: Swelling or lumps in these areas can indicate the spread of breast cancer to lymph nodes. Thickening of Breast Tissue: Any thickening in the breast that feels different from the other tissue may be a sign. Visible Veins: Sometimes, increased visibility of veins on the surface of the breast can indicate changes in the breast tissue. Breast Rash: A rash or redness around the nipple can sometimes be a sign of Paget's disease of the breast, a rare form of breast cancer. If an individual experiences any of the above symptoms, it is important to see a healthcare provider as soon as possible. While many breast changes are not cancerous, only a professional evaluation can determine the cause. Regular self-examinations and routine mammograms are crucial for early detection. Early-stage breast cancer often has a better prognosis and a wider range of treatment options, underscoring the importance of being vigilant about any changes in the breasts. Breast Cancer Diagnosis Diagnosing breast cancer typically involves a multi-step process. Here's a breakdown of what one can expect: Physical Examination A doctor examines the individual’s breasts and lymph nodes for lumps, changes in size or shape, or other abnormalities. Imaging Tests The imaging tests play a crucial role in detecting and characterising breast abnormalities. Common tests include: Mammography: X-ray images of the breast tissue to identify lumps, masses, or calcifications. Breast Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create detailed images of the breast, helpful in differentiating between solid lumps and fluid-filled cysts. Breast MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Provides detailed 3D images, often used for high-risk individuals or for women with dense breast tissue where mammograms might be less effective. Biopsy If imaging tests reveal suspicious areas, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the presence of cancer cells. A small tissue sample is extracted using a needle or surgical procedure and examined under a microscope by a pathologist. Additional Tests (if cancer is diagnosed) Once cancer is confirmed, further tests might be needed to determine the stage and type of breast cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions. These may include: Hormone receptor testing: Determines if the cancer cells are sensitive to hormones like oestrogen and progesterone, which can influence treatment options. HER2 testing: Evaluates the presence of a protein called HER2 on the cancer cells. HER2-positive cancers often require targeted therapy drugs. Genetic testing: May be recommended in certain cases to assess the risk of hereditary breast cancer and guide future screening recommendations. Breast Cancer Treatment The course of treatment for breast cancer depends on various factors, including the stage and type of cancer, your overall health, and your preferences. Here's an overview of common treatment options: Surgery The most common treatment for breast cancer is surgery to remove the cancerous tissue. The type of surgery performed depends on the extent of the cancer: Lumpectomy: Removal of the tumour and a small margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. Often followed by radiation therapy. Mastectomy: Removal of the entire breast can be performed with or without reconstruction of the breast. Lymph node surgery: Removal of lymph nodes in the armpit to check for cancer spread. Radiation Therapy High-energy rays are used to destroy cancer cells and prevent them from recurring. Radiation therapy can be administered after surgery (to eliminate any remaining microscopic cancer cells) or before surgery (to shrink the tumour and make it easier to remove). Chemotherapy Medications are used to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Chemotherapy can be given before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink the tumour or after surgery (adjuvant) to reduce the risk of recurrence. Hormone Therapy For hormone receptor-positive cancers, medications can block the effects of oestrogen or progesterone on cancer cell growth. Hormone therapy can be taken as pills or injections for several years. Targeted Therapy Drugs These drugs target specific molecules or pathways involved in cancer cell growth and survival. They may be used in combination with other therapies for HER2-positive cancers or other specific subtypes. Immunotherapy A relatively new approach that helps the body's immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Immunotherapy is still under development for breast cancer but may play a role in future treatment options. Reconstruction Breast reconstruction surgery can be performed after a mastectomy to restore the appearance of the breast. Reconstruction can be done at the time of mastectomy or in a separate procedure later. Regular follow-up care is crucial for monitoring the patient's recovery, managing any side effects, and checking for signs of recurrence. Follow-up typically includes physical exams, imaging tests, and laboratory tests to ensure that any changes are detected early and managed effectively. Breast Cancer Complications While breast cancer treatment aims for a cure or long-term control, there can be potential complications associated with the disease and its treatment. Here's a breakdown of some possible complications: Physical side effects of surgery: Depending on the type of surgery performed (lumpectomy or mastectomy), there can be pain, scarring, swelling, and lymphedema (fluid buildup in the arm). Side effects of radiation therapy: Radiation therapy can cause fatigue, skin irritation, and soreness in the treated area. In some cases, it can also lead to long-term effects like lung problems or heart issues. Side effects of chemotherapy: Chemotherapy drugs can cause various side effects, including nausea, vomiting,hair loss, fatigue, and mouth sores. The severity of these side effects depends on the specific drugs used and the dosage. Side effects of hormone therapy: Hormone therapy medications can cause hot flashes, vaginal dryness, joint pain,and an increased risk of blood clots. Lymphedema: This is a potential complication after surgery that involves lymph node removal. It can cause swelling in the arm, chest, or back due to fluid buildup. Breast cancer recurrence: There's always a risk that cancer may recur after treatment. Regular follow-up appointments with your doctor are crucial for monitoring and early detection of any recurrence. Emotional and psychological effects: A breast cancer diagnosis and treatment can be emotionally challenging. It's common to experience anxiety, depression, fear, and body image concerns. Breast Cancer Prevention While there is no guaranteed way to prevent breast cancer, certain lifestyle changes and preventive measures can reduce the risk. Key strategies for breast cancer prevention include: Maintain a Healthy Weight: Being overweight or obese, especially after menopause, increases the risk of breast cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise can help reduce this risk. Stay Physically Active: Engaging in regular physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and can lower breast cancer risk. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week. Limit Alcohol Consumption: Alcohol consumption is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. Limiting alcohol intake to no more than one drink per day can help reduce this risk. Eat a Balanced Diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help maintain overall health and potentially reduce cancer risk. Limiting saturated fats and red meats is also beneficial. Breastfeed: Breastfeeding, especially for a year or more, has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer. It offers protective benefits for both mother and child. Avoid Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Long-term use of combined oestrogen-progestin hormone therapy for menopause symptoms is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Discuss alternatives with a healthcare provider. Avoid Exposure to Radiation and Environmental Pollutants: Limiting exposure to radiation during medical imaging and avoiding environmental pollutants may help reduce the risk. Genetic Counseling and Testing: For those with a family history of breast cancer or known genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1 or BRCA2), genetic counselling and testing can help assess risk and guide preventive measures, such as increased surveillance or preventive surgeries. Regular Screening: Regular mammograms and clinical breast exams can help detect breast cancer early when it is most treatable. Follow guidelines based on age, risk factors, and personal health history. Medications: In some high-risk women, preventive medications (chemoprevention) such as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or aromatase inhibitors can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. Prophylactic Surgery: For women with a very high risk of breast cancer (e.g., those with BRCA mutations), prophylactic mastectomy or oophorectomy (removal of ovaries) can significantly reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. Adopting these preventive measures can help lower the risk of breast cancer and promote overall health and well-being. Frequently Asked Questions Can men get breast cancer? Yes, while breast cancer is much more common in women, men can also develop breast cancer. It is important for men to be aware of changes in their breast tissue and consult a healthcare provider if they notice any abnormalities. What lifestyle changes can help during and after breast cancer treatment? Maintaining a healthy diet, staying physically active, managing stress through mindfulness or therapy, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol can help improve overall health and recovery during and after treatment. What are the side effects of breast cancer treatment? Side effects vary depending on the type of treatment and may include fatigue, nausea, hair loss, lymphedema, pain, cognitive changes, and emotional challenges. Discussing potential side effects with a healthcare provider can help in managing them effectively. How does breast cancer affect fertility and pregnancy? Some breast cancer treatments can affect fertility. It's important to discuss fertility preservation options with a healthcare provider before starting treatment. Breast cancer can be diagnosed during pregnancy, and treatment plans are carefully tailored to protect both the mother and the baby. What is the role of genetic testing in breast cancer? Genetic testing can identify mutations in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2 that increase the risk of breast cancer. Knowing one's genetic risk can guide preventive measures and inform family members of their potential risk. Are there different stages of breast cancer, and what do they mean? Yes, breast cancer is staged from 0 to IV, indicating the extent of the cancer. Stage 0 is non-invasive, while stage IV indicates metastatic cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. Staging helps determine the best treatment approach. What are the latest advancements in breast cancer research and treatment? Recent advancements include targeted therapies, immunotherapy, personalised medicine based on genetic profiling, and improvements in surgical and radiation techniques. Staying informed about new research can provide options for cutting-edge treatments. Can diet and exercise impact breast cancer prognosis? Yes, a healthy diet and regular exercise can improve overall health and may positively impact prognosis by reducing the risk of recurrence and improving quality of life. How does one manage the emotional impact of a breast cancer diagnosis? Seeking support from friends, family, support groups, and mental health professionals can help manage the emotional impact. Mindfulness practices, stress reduction techniques, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also contribute to emotional well-being. Can breast cancer recur after treatment, and how is recurrence monitored? Yes, breast cancer can recur. Regular follow-up visits, imaging tests, and self-examinations are crucial for monitoring recurrence. Early detection of recurrence can lead to more effective management. What is the impact of breast cancer on long-term health and quality of life? Long-term health effects can include chronic pain, fatigue, and emotional challenges. Quality of life can be improved through comprehensive survivorship care plans, which address physical, emotional, and social aspects of recovery. Are there support groups or resources for breast cancer survivors? Yes, many local and national organisations offer support groups, counselling, educational resources, and survivorship programs for breast cancer survivors. Connecting with these resources can provide valuable support and information. How can I support a loved one who has been diagnosed with breast cancer? Providing emotional support, helping with daily tasks, accompanying them to appointments, and listening to their concerns are all valuable ways to support someone with breast cancer. Joining support groups and seeking professional counselling can also be beneficial. Review  Reviewed By Dr. Charu Garg, Senior Director - Cancer Care / Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology, Thoracic Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Breast Cancer on 19 Sep 2024.

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Gastrointestinal cancer is the second most common type of cancer present among individuals and represents a heterogeneous complex arrangement of several disorders and diseases. These are divided into rare inherited forms and more frequent sporadic forms. Amongst the cancers affecting the gastrointestinal tract, oesophageal cancer is the commonest followed by colorectal cancers (affecting the colon and rectum) and cancers of the stomach, and the small intestine. The elementary causes for different types of gastrointestinal cancers vary, but some of the key risk factors include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, increasing age, viral and bacterial infections, chronic pancreatitis, and obesity. Hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) cancers include malignant or cancerous tumours originating in the cells of the liver, bile ducts, pancreas and gallbladder. Pancreatic cancer is cancer that takes place in the pancreas, which is a gland that produces digestive juices and hormones. Pancreatic cancer is more commonly seen in older people as compared to people under the age group of 40 years. Liver Cancer, which starts in the liver, depends on where it begins and the type of cell it involves. Bile duct cancer, also termed cholangiocarcinoma, is a very rare form of cancer and occurs when there is abnormal cell growth in a rampant way. Bile ducts are small tubes connecting the liver and gallbladder to the bowel. The bile ducts carry bile which helps in the breakdown of fats in food. GI Cancer Treatment Treatment options for GI cancer and HPB cancer rely on factors like cancer's location, stage as well as aggressiveness. The doctor also considers the general health and preferences while framing a plan of treatment. GI Cancer Surgery The main goal of surgery is to eradicate cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it. Operations used for GI cancer include: Curative surgery: Removing the tumours from the site of origin with a margin of healthy tissue Removing the regional lymph nodes Palliative surgery: Surgery to relieve signs and symptoms. Chemotherapy for GI Cancer Chemotherapy is a type of treatment that uses certain drugs to eliminate cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs travel throughout the body and kill cancer cells that may have extended away from the site of origin. Chemotherapy sessions can be given before surgery to help constrict cancer so that it can be removed more easily. Chemotherapy is also used post-surgery to kill any cancer cells that might remain in the body. Chemotherapy is often combined with radiation therapy. Radiation Therapy for GI Cancer Radiation therapy involves high-power beams of energy to kill cancerous cells. The energy beams are emitted from a machine that moves around as a patient lie on a table. For advanced stomach cancer, which can't be eliminated with surgery, radiation therapy is used to reduce side effects as pain or bleeding occurs due to enlarged cancer. Targeted Drug Therapy for GI Cancer Targeted drug treatments concentrate on particular weaknesses lying within cancerous cells. Targeted drug treatments cause cancer cells to die by blocking these weaknesses. Immunotherapy for GI Cancer Immunotherapy is a form of drug treatment that helps the immune system to fight cancer. Immunotherapy is used either when the cancer is advanced, if it comes back or if it spreads to other parts of the body. Review Reviewed by Dr. Vivek Mangla, Director - Gastrointestinal and Hepatopancreatobiliary (GI & HPB) Surgical Oncology on 21-Mar-2022. FAQs What are the early symptoms of gastric cancer? Gastric cancer can manifest in various ways, including difficulty swallowing, feeling full after eating small amounts, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, stomach pain, unintentional weight loss, and vomiting. What defines the first stage of stomach cancer? According to the pathological staging system, stage 1 stomach cancer has spread to the inner, supporting, or muscle layer of the stomach. Is gastrointestinal cancer curable? When gastric cancer is detected at an early stage, there is a higher chance of recovery. However, gastric cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, making it challenging to cure. Although it can be treated, the curability of gastric cancer in later stages is rare. What is the most effective treatment for gastric cancer? The most appropriate treatment for gastric cancer depends on several factors, including the stage, location, and overall health of the patient. A combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy can be effective. Early detection is crucial as it improves the prognosis of gastric cancer. How long does gastrointestinal surgery typically take? Gastrointestinal surgery can take anywhere from two to six hours. During the procedure, the affected area is removed, along with some nearby lymph nodes. In cases where the entire stomach is removed, the small intestine and oesophagus are connected. FAQs Review FAQs reviewed by Dr. Manish Jain, Principal Consultant, Cancer Care / Oncology, Surgical Oncology, Gastro Intestinal & Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Oncology.

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Max Institute of Cancer care (MICC) offers comprehensive state of the art services for early diagnosis, staging, treatment and hospital-based care of Disease management group (DMG) – Breast, Gynaecology, gastrointestinal cancers etc. An individualised treatment plan is made for each patient by a specialist multidisciplinary team of medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, surgeons, histopathologists, molecular pathologists, gastroenterologists, interventional radiologists, nuclear medicine, dieticians, physiotherapists and geneticist. There are a constant cross chat between the various specialities at the Respective DMG Tumour Board meeting, The main concept behind the DMGs at MICC is to make the best skills available to our patients. Site-specific oncology allows the clinicians involved in patients care to focus only on certain cancers at which they become world experts. Meetings are held once a week to discuss all patients diagnosed with DMG specific (Disease Management Group- Breast , Gynaecology , GI etc.) cancer and arrive at the best possible management for the patient. The Surgical Medical and Radiation specialists of the respective DMG along with the Pathologists, Radiologist and Molecular Oncologists attend these meetings. All patients seen between these meetings are, however, discussed in the common tumour Boards held once a week. Services available at the Gastrointestinal & Hepatobiliary Disease management group at MICC include: Diagnosis, tests and investigations: primary assessment and diagnosis Specialist review and second opinion Staging and investigation Cancer genetics Pre-operative counselling Site specific surgical oncology    Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Targeted therapy    Radiotherapy with newer techniques     Surgery, including sphincter-sparing surgery and trans-endoscopic microsurgery (TEMS) Critical care     Rehabilitation     Palliative and supportive care   Clinical trials     If you have been directed to the Gastrointestinal & Hepatobiliary DMG Service then you, or your relative, is suffering from either one of the following cancers or spread of another organ cancer to the following sites: Oesophagus Stomach Large intestine (colon), rectum and anus Pancreas Bile duct and Gallbladder Liver Small intestine Retroperitoneum (the deep part of the abdominal cavity) Neuroendocrine system What We Do Max Institute of Cancer Care (MICC) GI cancer multidisciplinary team includes group of experts in medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology, gastroenterologists, radiologist, pathologist, molecular oncologist, psychologist and physical therapists. They  collaborate and provide the  best comprehensive cancer care to all patients. The disease management group discussions and management options are discussed with patients to help them choose the best treatment for them. The molecular profiling of tumors for targeted therapy and genetic test to assess the risk in family members is an integral part of multidisciplinary treatment plan. Post operative specialized care in dedicated oncosurgery ICU and wards with help of experts intensivist, nurses and physical therapist helps in faster recovery. Surgical Oncology Unit The surgical unit of GI and Hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) DMG are specialized in all surgeries and minimal invasive procedures required for treatment of GI cancers. Radiation Oncology Unit What is Radiation Therapy and what does it do? Radiation Therapy  (RT) is use of high energy Ionization radiation (often X Rays ) to kill a cancer cell by damaging its DNA. Goal of Radiation Therapy (RT) is to use focused beams of radiation to kill cancer cell with as little risk as possible to normal cells. Radiation treatment, like surgery, is a local treatment. It affects the cancer cells only in a specific area of the body. Types of Radiation Therapy When the source of radiation is from a machine outside the body, it’s called as External Beam Radiation therapy (EBRT). When radioactive material is placed close to tumour or area harbouring cancer cells it’s called as Brach therapy. Timing of Radiation Therapy RT can be used before surgery to shrink a tumor, called as neoadjuvant/pre operative RT (Pre op RT). It may be used after surgery to stop growth of cancer cells that may remain called as adjuvant RT (Post op RT). At times radiation is used alone with curative intent which is called as Radical RT. It can also be used at the time of surgery known as Intra-operative Radiation (IORT). Medical Oncology Unit What is Medical oncology and what does it do? Medicines form an important part of the cancer treatment. These can be in the form of chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, biological therapy or immunotherapy. It's used primarily in the following scenarios  1)  Concurrent partner to radiotherapy to increase the efficacy  2)  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy – given before definitive therapy which could be chemoradiotherapy or surgery. This is also given to make inoperable tumours operable by reducing the size in some patients. 3) Adjuvant chemotherapy: this is given post surgery usually to decrease the risk of recurrence. 4) Palliative chemotherapy : to control advanced cancers ( cancer which has spread beyond the site of origin) or locally advanced tumour not amenable to surgery or radiotherapy.  What is EBRT? EBRT is usually given during outpatient visits (OPD Treatment) to a hospital. In this, a machine (also called as Linear Accelerator/LA) directs the high energy rays at the tumor bearing area within body. The type of machine used for radiation therapy is called as a Linear Accelerator and at Max Hospital it has several models like TrueBeam STx, Novalis or Clinax. Linear Accelerators have the capability of delivering RT by various techniques like IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy), IGRT (Image Guided Radiation Therapy), SRS (Stereotactic Radiation Therapy) and SBRT (Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy). What is IMRT? Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) refers to a technique of focusing radiation therapy at cancer bearing area using computer based optimization process to carefully create a gradient or a dose fall-off between the cancer/target tissues and the surrounding normal tissues. This fall of dose saves the surrounding normal organs effectively. Therefore, these techniques offer the prospect of increasing the cancer control probability while decreasing the side effects. What is IGRT? Image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is classically defined as radiation therapy that is delivered only after verification of position of structures of interest by performing either an X-Ray or CT based image. The same are done by an imaging system mounted on the linear accelerator itself. IGRT technically includes IMRT and hence also called as IM- IGRT (Intensity-modulated Image guided radiation therapy) What is SBRT? Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) refers to use of principles of stereotaxy to identify and pin pointedly deliver precisely deliver intense doses of RT to only to cancer/tumour area. SBRT is essentially similar to Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) brain except that term SBRT used when we are targeting areas outside brain.  Since SBRT involves delivery of higher intensity of radiation doses in shorter time, it also known as SABR (Stereotactic Ablative RT). SBRT is generally done by combining IMRT and IGRT together. SBRT generally has fewer sitting /fractions of radiation as compared to conventional IMRT or IGRT. Your Radiation Oncologist will discuss all these techniques and how they are relevant for your cancer and its treatment. What is more important for successful radiation therapy- Machine or team behind machine? Both machines and team behind machines are equally critical in successful delivery of RT. We are fortunate that at Max Institute of Cancer Care (MICC), we have this critical combination of the modern state of the art machines and a trained team available across all hubs of Max Hospitals. TrueBeam STX is an advanced radiotherapy system to deliver more powerful cancer treatments with pinpoint accuracy and precision. It uniquely integrates advanced imaging and motion management technologies within a sophisticated new architecture that makes it possible to deliver treatments more quickly while monitoring and compensating for tumor motion. While the technology always opens the door, it is always the skilful doctors who can get inside it. Supportive Services Stoma Care Nurse: stoma is an opening on the front of your abdomen which is made using surgery. It allows faeces or urine to be collected in a pouch (bag) on the outside of your body Sometimes, during surgery, it may be necessary for the surgeon to form an artificial opening on the wall of your abdomen called a 'stoma' to collect waste. The stoma may be temporary (to allow the bowel time to heal) or permanent. Onco-Psychology Dietitics and Nutrition Onco-Cardiology Cancer Prevention advise & services Cancer Genetics Molecular / Precision Oncology Tobacco cessation services FAQs What are the symptoms of gastrointestinal cancer? Early signs of gastrointestinal cancer include constant indigestion, frequent burping, trapped gas, heartburn, quick satiety, bloating, feeling unwell, pain in the breastbone or stomach, and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). Can stomach cancer be detected with a CT scan? A CT scan uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body's soft tissues. It can provide a clear view of the stomach and often confirm the presence of cancer. Additionally, a CT scan can reveal if the liver, nearby lymph nodes, or other parts of the body have been affected by the spread of stomach cancer. Does gastric cancer spread to other organs? Stomach cancer commonly metastasises to the liver. It can also affect the peritoneum (the tissue lining the abdominal cavity), lungs, and lymph nodes. Is gastric cancer hereditary? Yes, gastric cancer can have a hereditary component, but it is not the sole cause. Other factors such as age and lifestyle habits also contribute to its development. Which foods are associated with stomach cancer? Consumption of foods preserved by salting, such as salted fish, meat, and pickled vegetables, can increase the risk of developing stomach cancer. Regular consumption of processed, grilled, or charcoaled meats is also associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer. FAQs Review FAQs reviewed by Dr. Manish Jain, Principal Consultant, Cancer Care / Oncology, Surgical Oncology, Gastro Intestinal & Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Oncology.

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Gynaecologic oncology is a specialised branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating cancers of the female reproductive system, including ovarian, cervical, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. At Max Hospital, the Gynaecologic Oncology Department brings together highly trained gynaecologic oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists, working together to plan effective treatment strategies. The department is equipped with advanced diagnostic imaging, minimally invasive surgical systems, and precision radiation therapy to ensure accuracy in both diagnosis and treatment. The aim is to not only treat the disease but also improve quality of life, preserve fertility when possible, and offer compassionate support throughout the treatment. Gynecologic Cancers Managed at Max Hospitals At Max Hospitals, care is provided for a wide range of these cancers, with each case assessed individually to plan the most effective treatment approach. Cervical Cancer Cervical cancer begins in the cells lining the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is most often linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Early stages may cause no symptoms, making regular screening through Pap smears and HPV testing essential. Common signs can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or unusual discharge. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Ovarian Cancer Ovarian cancer can develop in one or both ovaries and is often detected at a later stage because symptoms may be vague. These can include bloating, pelvic discomfort, or changes in bowel habits. There are different types, including epithelial ovarian cancer, germ cell tumours, and stromal tumours. Treatment may require surgery to remove affected tissue, followed by chemotherapy. In some cases, targeted therapy may also be used. Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer Uterine cancer affects the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. It is one of the most common gynaecologic cancers and is often detected early because it frequently causes abnormal bleeding, especially after menopause. Risk factors include obesity, hormonal imbalance, and certain genetic conditions. Treatment may involve surgery such as hysterectomy, sometimes followed by radiation or chemotherapy. Vaginal Cancer This is a rare cancer that begins in the cells of the vagina. It may not cause symptoms in its early stages, but later signs can include abnormal bleeding, pain during intercourse, or a lump in the vagina. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of cancer and can include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. Vulvar Cancer Vulvar cancer occurs on the outer surface of the female genitalia. It often develops slowly, starting as precancerous changes called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Symptoms may include persistent itching, skin changes, or sores that do not heal. Surgery is the main treatment, and in some cases, radiation or chemotherapy may be required. Diagnostic Methods at Max Hospital’s Gynecologic Oncology Department Detecting and diagnosing gynaecologic cancers requires a combination of medical history review, physical examination, and advanced tests. These methods help doctors confirm the presence of cancer, determine its type, and decide on the most effective treatment plan. At Max Hospital, these steps are carefully coordinated to ensure thorough and accurate evaluation. Pelvic Examination and Medical History A gynaecologic oncologist begins with a detailed discussion of symptoms, medical history, and risk factors, followed by a pelvic examination. This allows the specialist to check for abnormalities in the uterus, ovaries, cervix, vagina, and surrounding tissues. Imaging Studies Ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans are commonly used to create detailed images of the pelvic region. These scans help identify abnormal growths, check for cancer spread, and guide biopsy procedures. Laboratory and Blood Tests Blood tests, including tumour marker assessments like CA-125, can provide clues about cancer presence or progression. These are often combined with other diagnostic findings for a clearer picture. Biopsy Procedures A biopsy is the most reliable way to confirm a cancer diagnosis. Small samples of tissue are removed and examined under a microscope to identify abnormal or malignant cells. Depending on the suspected cancer site, this can be done through minimally invasive methods or surgical procedures. Endoscopic Examinations Colposcopy, hysteroscopy, or laparoscopy may be performed to directly view internal tissues. These methods allow for targeted biopsies and better evaluation of suspicious areas. Treatment Approaches at Max Hospital’s Gynecologic Oncology Department Managing gynaecologic cancers involves a combination of therapies aimed at removing or destroying cancer cells, preventing recurrence, and improving quality of life. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the type and stage of cancer, the patient’s overall health, and individual treatment goals. Surgical Management Surgery remains one of the most common treatments for gynaecologic cancers, especially when the disease is detected early. The procedure may involve removing the tumour alone or, in more advanced cases, removing the affected organ and surrounding tissues. Minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopy and robotic-assisted surgery, are often used to reduce recovery time and lower the risk of complications. Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to target and destroy cancer cells. It can be used as the main treatment or in combination with surgery and chemotherapy. External beam radiation directs radiation from outside the body, whereas brachytherapy places radioactive material directly inside or near the tumour site. Treatment is carefully planned to minimise damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs that circulate through the bloodstream to kill cancer cells. It can be given before surgery to shrink tumours (neoadjuvant therapy), after surgery to target remaining cancer cells (adjuvant therapy), or as the main treatment when surgery is not an option. Side effects vary depending on the type and dose of medication but are managed with supportive care. Targeted Therapy Targeted therapy focuses on specific molecules or pathways that contribute to cancer growth. Unlike chemotherapy, it is designed to attack cancer cells while causing less harm to normal cells. Examples include drugs that block tumour blood supply or inhibit specific genetic mutations in cancer cells. This approach is often used for patients whose cancer has certain genetic markers. Immunotherapy Immunotherapy stimulates the body’s immune system to recognise and attack cancer cells. This approach is especially useful in cancers that express certain proteins making them more visible to immune cells. Immunotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments, depending on the type and progression of the cancer. Hormonal Therapy Some gynaecologic cancers, such as certain types of endometrial or ovarian cancer, respond to hormonal changes. Hormonal therapy works by altering hormone levels in the body or blocking hormone receptors on cancer cells, slowing their growth and spread. Advanced Technology and Methods at Max Hospital’s Gynecologic Oncology Department  The Department of Gynecologic Oncology at Max Hospital uses a combination of advanced technology and proven methods to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment.  Robot-Assisted Surgery Robot-assisted systems allow surgeons to perform complex procedures with high precision and control. For gynaecologic cancers such as ovarian, cervical, and uterine cancers, this technology enables minimally invasive tumour removal, reduces blood loss, shortens hospital stays, and improves recovery times. Laparoscopic Surgery Advanced laparoscopic techniques are used for selected cases, allowing tumour excision through small incisions. This approach offers reduced postoperative pain, faster healing, and minimal scarring compared to traditional open surgery. Image-Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT) and Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) These precision radiation therapies target cancerous tissues accurately while sparing surrounding healthy organs. IGRT and IMRT are commonly used for cervical, uterine, and vaginal cancers, helping maximise treatment effectiveness and reduce side effects. Brachytherapy Internal radiation therapy, or brachytherapy, is frequently used for cervical and endometrial cancers. Advanced 3D treatment planning ensures precise placement of radioactive sources, delivering high doses directly to tumours while limiting exposure to nearby healthy tissues. Molecular and Genetic Testing Tumour profiling and genetic testing help identify mutations and biomarkers, such as BRCA mutations in ovarian cancer. These insights guide targeted therapies and personalised treatment strategies, improving outcomes and reducing unnecessary interventions. Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping This technique uses fluorescent dyes or tracers to locate the first lymph nodes likely to be affected by cancer. It enables more precise surgery, reduces the need for extensive lymph node removal, and lowers the risk of complications like lymphoedema. Why Choose Max Hospitals for Gynecologic Oncology Care Choosing the right facility for gynaecologic cancer treatment is crucial for achieving the best outcomes. The following highlights what makes Max Hospital’s Gynecologic Oncology Department stand out: Experienced Gynaecologic Oncologists Max Hospitals’ department is staffed with highly skilled gynaecologic oncologists and surgeons who have extensive experience in managing ovarian, cervical, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. Their expertise ensures precise diagnosis, effective treatment, and improved patient outcomes. Multidisciplinary Team Approach Patients benefit from a collaborative team that includes surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, and support staff. This coordinated care ensures that every aspect of a patient’s condition is addressed, from diagnosis to post-treatment follow-up. Advanced Surgical and Treatment Facilities The department is equipped with robotic-assisted surgical systems, minimally invasive surgical tools, and precision-guided radiation therapy. These technologies enable safer, more accurate procedures with reduced recovery times and minimal complications. Comprehensive Patient Support Max Hospitals prioritises patient comfort and wellbeing. Dedicated support teams provide counselling, nutritional guidance, and rehabilitation services to help patients cope physically and emotionally throughout their cancer journey. Focus on Evidence-Based and Personalised Care Treatment plans are guided by the latest research and clinical protocols. Molecular and genetic testing allows specialists to personalise therapies, ensuring that each patient receives the most effective and targeted care available. Frequently Asked Questions What’s the difference between gynaecology and gynecologic oncology? Gynaecology focuses on general health, reproductive system issues, and common conditions in women, such as menstrual problems, infections, and menopause management. Gynecologic oncology is a specialised branch that specifically deals with diagnosing, treating, and managing cancers of the female reproductive system, including ovarian, cervical, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar cancers Can a gynecologist detect cancer? Yes, gynecologists can identify warning signs, perform screenings like Pap smears, and recommend further tests. However, a gynecologic oncologist specialises in cancer diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning, providing advanced care for confirmed or high-risk cases. Which cancer is most common in females? Globally and in India, breast cancer is the most common among women. Among gynecologic cancers specifically, cervical, ovarian, and uterine cancers are most frequently diagnosed. What is the most common cancer in gynecology? Cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer worldwide, followed by ovarian and uterine cancers. Early detection through screening can significantly improve outcomes. When should I visit a gynecologic oncologist? A visit is recommended if there are abnormal test results, suspicious symptoms (like unexplained bleeding, pelvic pain, or bloating), a family history of gynecologic cancers, or for consultation following a cancer diagnosis. Early evaluation improves treatment effectiveness and outcomes. What types of specialists work in the Gynecologic Oncology Department? The department includes gynaecologic oncologists, surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, and support staff, all working together to provide comprehensive care. What supportive services are available to patients? Supportive care includes psychological counselling, nutritional guidance, pain management, and physical rehabilitation to address both physical and emotional needs during treatment. Can the department handle complex or high-risk cases? Yes, our specialists manage advanced, recurrent, or high-risk gynecologic cancers using cutting-edge surgical tools, targeted therapies, and precision radiation techniques. Review Reviewed by Dr Kanika Sharma, Consultant - Medical Oncology, Cancer Care / Oncology, Breast Cancer, Gynecologic Oncology, Head & Neck Oncology, Hematology Oncology, Gastrointestinal & Hepatobiliary Oncology, on 05 September 2025.

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Head and Neck Cancer (H&N cancer) refers to a group of biologically similar cancers that arise in the head and neck region (comprises the lip, oral cavity (mouth), nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx (voice box), salivary glands and the thyroid. H&N cancers together rank sixth amongst all cancers worldwide, comprising about 40% of all cancers in Southeast Asia, including India. Advances made in the last few decades in all the fields of Oncology (surgical, radiation and medical) have made H&N cancer a better-understood and better-managed subject today. We are dedicated to providing the highest standard of care for patients with head and neck cancer. Our team of highly skilled and experienced specialists are equipped with the latest technologies and techniques to provide the most effective treatment options. At Max Institute of Cancer Care, we provide the most advanced cancer treatments using cutting-edge technology based on International Standards. We firmly believe in delivering quality care, support and reassurance to our patients. Cancer care requires medical professionals from different specialities to execute an individualised patient care plan for the best results collectively. Accordingly, we have a Head and Neck DMG (Disease Management Group) led by a dedicated and expert team of doctors who deal with head and neck cancers. This team includes head and neck surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, plastic and reconstructive surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, radiologists, pathologists, nuclear medicine specialists, speech and swallowing therapists, occupational therapists, nutritionists, prosthodontics, dentists, rehabilitation specialists who provide targeted and personalised treatment for patients with head and neck cancer. The team sits together in a Head and Neck Tumor Board meeting and discusses each case in detail to ensure the best treatment is provided to the patient, keeping in mind the specific requirements of each patient. The team meets at regular intervals to analyse treatment and the patient's responses to the given treatment. Having experts from all these disciplines ensures that a patient's treatment plan is comprehensive and coordinated, not just in the treatment phase but even after the treatment is over, for better recovery and rehabilitation for a smooth life ahead. The treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, etc. Latest Technologies Used Tomotherapy: This advanced radiation therapy technique uses a specialised machine that delivers highly precise doses of radiation to the cancerous cells in the head and neck region. This method is particularly effective for tumours that are difficult to reach, and it helps to minimise damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. Robotic Surgery: Our team of experts are trained in the use of cutting-edge robotic surgical systems, which allow for minimally invasive procedures that provide quick and effective removal of cancerous tumours. This results in reduced pain and faster recovery times for our patients. True beam Linac: This state-of-the-art linear accelerator delivers high-energy radiation to the cancerous cells with extreme accuracy, reducing the risk of damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. This technology is particularly useful for treating tumours in the head and neck region, where the risk of complications is high. PET Scan: Our team of specialists uses advanced imaging technologies, including PET scans, to diagnose and monitor the progression of cancer in the head and neck region. It provides our patients with the most accurate and up-to-date information about their condition. Types of Head and Neck Cancer Treated at Max Hospitals: We treat a variety of head and neck cancers, including: Oral cancer Throat cancer Laryngeal cancer Pharyngeal cancer Thyroid cancer Parathyroid Tumors Parotid gland cancer Nasal Pharyngeal cancer Approach When a patient is suspected of Head and Neck Cancer, the examining clinician evaluates the medical history and performs a detailed physical examination. Other diagnostic tests are performed depending on the area of suspicion. A biopsy (study of a tissue sample from the suspected area under the microscope) / FNAC is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis of cancer. Also, depending on clinical evaluation and the doctor’s advice, radiological investigation to see the spread of the tumour and staging can be ascertained. The treatment plan varies from patient to patient depending on a number of factors like the stage of the tumour, location of the tumour, patient's age, general condition, occupation of the patient, etc. For early-stage cancer - the treatment is surgery or radiation; further therapy may be considered if other risk factors of cancer coming back are identified in the final histopathology report. For locally advanced cancers - the treatment is surgery and radiation with or without chemotherapy. Even in advanced cancer with good reconstruction, the patient has a good quality of life. For very advanced cancers where it has spread to vital structures or other parts of the body, treatment is not aimed at cure. Lifespan and quality of life can be improved with palliative therapy along with radiation therapy and chemotherapy or immunotherapy, depending on the general health of the patient. We understand that a cancer diagnosis can be a difficult and stressful experience, and we are here to provide the support and care you need during this time. Our team are dedicated to providing the best possible outcome for our patients. We will work closely with you to develop a personalised treatment plan that meets your individual needs and goals. We are committed to providing the highest standard of care for our patients with head and neck cancer. Contact us today to schedule an appointment with one of our head and neck cancer specialists.' Review Reviewed by Dr. Ranjit Kumar Padhiari, Associate Consultant - Surgical Oncology, Cancer Care / Oncology, Head & Neck Oncology.

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At Max Hospitals, we understand that getting diagnosed with blood cancer can be overwhelming, bringing with it intense emotions, fear, and uncertainty. Aligned with this understanding, our team of haemato oncologists and support staff is deeply committed to supporting you through every step of this difficult journey, leveraging the latest technology and treatment approaches. We believe that compassionate care is just as crucial as precise treatment, and we strive to ease your burden with personalised attention, empathetic guidance, and a relentless focus on your well-being. With us, you are never alone; our team is by your side, offering hope, comfort, and expertise to help you fight and heal. What is Haematology Oncology? Haematology oncology is a specialised branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of blood cancers and blood-related disorders. This includes various types of cancer such as leukaemia, lymphoma, and myeloma, which affect the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other parts of the lymphatic system. Haematology oncologists are medical professionals who are trained in both haematology (the study of blood and blood-forming tissues) and oncology (the study of cancer), allowing them to treat a wide range of complex conditions. Their work involves understanding the biology of these diseases, providing appropriate treatments such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies, and offering comprehensive care to patients throughout their cancer journey. Types of Haematologic Cancers Haematologic cancers, also known as blood cancers, affect the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. Here’s a breakdown of the three main types: Leukaemia Leukaemia is a type of blood cancer that originates in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced. It primarily affects white blood cells, which are crucial for the immune system. In leukaemia, abnormal white blood cells are produced uncontrollably and don't function properly. This overproduction crowds out healthy cells, impairing the body’s ability to fight infections, transport oxygen, and control bleeding. There are different types of leukaemia, including acute and chronic forms, which are classified based on the speed of progression and the specific type of white blood cell affected. Lymphoma Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in the lymphatic system, a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins and waste. Lymphomas affect lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response. The two main types of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma, which is characterised by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which includes a diverse group of cancers that can develop in different parts of the lymphatic system. Lymphomas can cause swollen lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, and fatigue, among other symptoms. Myeloma Myeloma, specifically multiple myeloma, is a cancer of the plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow that produces antibodies to help fight infection. In myeloma, abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably and produce large amounts of an abnormal protein that can cause kidney damage and other complications. The overgrowth of these cancerous plasma cells also leads to weakened bones, anaemia, and a compromised immune system. Myeloma is often diagnosed through blood tests, urine tests, and bone marrow examinations. Note: Each of these cancers requires different approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and management, but all share the common feature of originating in the blood or lymphatic tissues. Causes or Risk Factors for Haematologic Cancer The causes of haematologic cancers, or blood cancers, are not always clear, but several risk factors can increase a person's likelihood of developing these diseases. Here are some common causes and risk factors associated with haematologic cancers: Genetic Factors: Some blood cancers have genetic components, meaning they can run in families. Certain genetic mutations or inherited conditions can increase the risk of developing blood cancers. For example, people with Down syndrome or Fanconi anaemia have a higher risk of leukaemia. Additionally, specific gene mutations, such as those involving the JAK2 gene, can predispose individuals to certain blood cancers. Age: The risk of developing blood cancers increases with age. Most cases of blood cancers, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic leukaemias, are diagnosed in people over the age of 60. However, some types of blood cancers, like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), are more common in children. Radiation Exposure: Exposure to high levels of radiation, such as that from radiation therapy for other cancers or from nuclear accidents, can increase the risk of developing blood cancers. People who have been exposed to ionising radiation have a higher chance of developing leukaemia and other types of blood cancers. Chemical Exposure: Certain chemicals, such as benzene (commonly found in industrial settings, cigarette smoke, and some plastics), are known carcinogens that can increase the risk of developing blood cancers, particularly leukaemia. Long-term exposure to agricultural chemicals like pesticides and herbicides has also been linked to a higher risk of developing lymphomas. Previous Cancer Treatment: People who have undergone chemotherapy or radiation therapy for other cancers may have an increased risk of developing secondary blood cancers. Some chemotherapy drugs, particularly alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors, are associated with a higher risk of developing leukaemia later in life. Infections: Certain viral infections are linked to an increased risk of developing blood cancers. For example, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with an increased risk of certain types of lymphoma, such as Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma. Similarly, human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is linked to adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL). Weakened Immune System: A weakened immune system, whether due to a medical condition like HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation (requiring immunosuppressive drugs), or inherited immune deficiencies, can increase the risk of developing blood cancers, particularly lymphomas. Lifestyle Factors: Although lifestyle factors like smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity are not as strongly linked to blood cancers as they are to some other types of cancer, they may still contribute to an increased risk. Smoking, for instance, is a known risk factor for certain types of leukaemia. Chronic Inflammatory Conditions: Certain chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, can increase the risk of developing blood cancers, particularly lymphoma. The chronic inflammation associated with these conditions may lead to changes in the lymphatic tissue that increase cancer risk. Note: While understanding these risk factors can help in the early detection and prevention of haematologic cancers, it is important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not mean a person will develop blood cancer. Moreover, some individuals without any known risk factors may still develop the disease. How are Haematologic Cancers Diagnosed? Diagnosing haematologic cancers may involve a series of tests and evaluations to detect abnormal cells in the blood, bone marrow, or lymphatic system. Here are the main steps and methods used to diagnose haematologic cancers: Medical History and Physical Examination The diagnostic process typically starts with a thorough medical history and physical examination. Doctors will ask about symptoms such as fatigue, unexplained weight loss, frequent infections, bruising, or swelling of lymph nodes. A physical exam may include checking for enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, or liver. Blood Tests Blood tests are crucial for diagnosing haematologic cancers. Common blood tests include: Complete Blood Count (CBC): A CBC measures the levels of different types of cells in the blood, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Abnormal levels of these cells can indicate the presence of blood cancer. Blood Smear: A blood smear involves examining a drop of blood under a microscope to identify abnormal shapes or sizes of blood cells and the presence of immature or abnormal cells. Blood Chemistry Tests: These tests measure certain chemicals in the blood, such as calcium, uric acid, and enzymes, which may be elevated in people with blood cancers. Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy If blood tests suggest a haematologic cancer, a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy may be performed. This involves extracting a small sample of bone marrow, usually from the hip bone, using a needle. The sample is then examined under a microscope to check for abnormal cells and to assess the proportion and types of cells present. This procedure helps determine the type and severity of blood cancer. Lymph Node Biopsy For suspected lymphomas, a lymph node biopsy may be necessary. This involves removing a small sample of a lymph node or an entire lymph node and examining it under a microscope to look for cancerous cells. There are different types of lymph node biopsies, including fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, and excisional biopsy. Imaging Tests  Imaging tests help determine the extent and spread of the cancer. Common imaging tests include: X-rays: To detect bone damage or enlarged lymph nodes. CT Scans (Computed Tomography): Provide detailed cross-sectional images of the body to identify enlarged lymph nodes, organs, or other masses. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Offers detailed images of soft tissues and helps detect cancer spread. PET Scans (Positron Emission Tomography): Used to detect areas of high metabolic activity that could indicate cancer cells. Flow Cytometry and Immunophenotyping These tests are used to analyse the characteristics of blood or bone marrow cells. Flow cytometry measures the size, shape, and presence of specific markers on cell surfaces, which helps differentiate between types of blood cancers. Immunophenotyping identifies proteins on the surface of cells, providing information about the specific type of cancer and its characteristics. Cytogenetic and Molecular Tests These tests analyse the chromosomes and genes within the cancer cells to identify specific genetic abnormalities or mutations that may be driving the cancer. Cytogenetic Analysis: Looks at the chromosomes in cells to detect any changes, such as translocations, deletions, or duplications. FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization): A molecular test that uses fluorescent probes to detect specific genetic abnormalities in cells. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detects specific genetic mutations or translocations in cancer cells that may not be visible under a microscope. Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap) In cases where blood cancer may have spread to the central nervous system, a lumbar puncture may be performed to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis. This test helps determine whether cancer cells are present in the spinal fluid. Biomarker Testing Biomarker testing involves identifying specific proteins, genes, or other molecules in the blood or tissue that can help diagnose a specific type of cancer and guide treatment decisions. Note: Each of these diagnostic methods provides crucial information to confirm the presence of haematologic cancer, identify its type, and determine the best treatment options. Haemato-Oncology Treatment Approaches Haematologic cancers are treated using a variety of approaches, often tailored to the specific type and stage of the disease, as well as the patient's overall health. Here are the main treatment approaches used in haematology oncology: Chemotherapy Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. These drugs can be administered orally or intravenously and work by targeting rapidly dividing cells, which includes cancer cells. Chemotherapy is commonly used for leukaemias, lymphomas, and myelomas. The treatment is typically given in cycles, with periods of treatment followed by rest to allow the body to recover. Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to target and destroy cancer cells. It is often used for lymphomas, particularly if the cancer is localised to a specific area. Radiation can be delivered externally, using a machine that directs the radiation at the cancer, or internally, through radioactive substances placed near the cancer site. Targeted Therapy Targeted therapies are designed to specifically target cancer cells without affecting normal cells. These treatments work by interfering with specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth and survival. For example, tyrosine kinase inhibitors are used for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) to block the activity of the BCR-ABL protein that drives the cancer. Targeted therapies can be used alone or in combination with other treatments. Immunotherapy Immunotherapy harnesses the body's immune system to fight cancer. It includes various approaches, such as: Monoclonal Antibodies: These are lab-made antibodies that specifically target cancer cells. For example, Rituximab is used to target CD20-positive B-cell lymphomas. Checkpoint Inhibitors: These drugs help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells by blocking proteins that prevent immune cells from attacking the cancer. CAR-T Cell Therapy: This innovative treatment involves modifying a patient’s own T cells to recognize and attack cancer cells. It is particularly effective for certain types of leukaemias and lymphomas. Stem Cell Transplantation Stem cell transplants, also known as bone marrow transplants, replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells. There are two main types: Autologous Transplant: The patient's stem cells are collected before treatment, treated, and then returned to the patient after chemotherapy or radiation. Allogeneic Transplant: Stem cells are obtained from a matched donor. This approach can be more challenging due to the need for a suitable donor and potential complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Hormone Therapy Some blood cancers, like certain types of lymphomas and myelomas, may be influenced by hormones. Hormone therapy works by blocking or altering the effects of hormones that promote cancer growth. Supportive Care Supportive care focuses on relieving symptoms and improving the quality of life for patients undergoing treatment. This includes managing pain, preventing and treating infections, addressing nutritional needs, and providing psychological support. Medications to boost blood cell counts, manage side effects, and alleviate symptoms are an integral part of supportive care. Clinical Trials Clinical trials are research studies that test new treatments or combinations of treatments. Participating in a clinical trial can provide access to cutting-edge therapies and contribute to advancing medical knowledge. Trials often offer promising new options for patients who may not have responded to standard treatments. Note: Treatment plans for haematologic cancers are often multimodal, meaning they combine several of these approaches to maximise effectiveness and address the cancer from multiple angles. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the type of cancer, its stage, genetic and molecular characteristics, and the patient’s overall health and preferences. When to see a haematology oncologist? Seeing a haematology oncologist is important when you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms or has been diagnosed with a condition that involves blood or lymphatic cancers. Here are key situations when it is advisable to consult a haematology oncologist: Unexplained Symptoms: If you experience persistent or unexplained symptoms such as unusual fatigue, frequent infections, unexplained bruising or bleeding, persistent swollen lymph nodes, or weight loss, it’s important to seek a haematology oncologist. These symptoms could be indicative of a blood-related issue that requires specialised evaluation. Abnormal Blood Test Results: If routine blood tests reveal abnormal results, such as high or low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets, or if there are abnormal cell shapes or counts, a haematology oncologist can provide further investigation and diagnosis. Diagnosis of a Blood Disorder: If you have been diagnosed with a blood disorder such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia, or a coagulation disorder, a haematology oncologist can offer specialised management and treatment options. Blood Cancer Diagnosis: If you have been diagnosed with a blood cancer, such as leukaemia, lymphoma, or myeloma, a haematology oncologist is essential for developing and managing a treatment plan. They specialise in the complex and specific treatments required for these cancers. Recurrent or Persistent Symptoms: If you have a history of blood cancer and experience a return of symptoms or new symptoms, a haematology oncologist can assess for possible relapse or complications and recommend appropriate management. Need for Advanced Treatment Options: If your condition requires specialised treatments such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation, a haematology oncologist has the expertise to administer and manage these advanced therapies. Complex Cases or Uncertainty: When there is uncertainty about a diagnosis or if the condition is particularly complex, consulting a haematology oncologist provides access to their specialised knowledge and advanced diagnostic tools to clarify the diagnosis and develop a comprehensive treatment plan. Second Opinions: If you have been diagnosed with a blood cancer or a related condition and want to seek a second opinion on your diagnosis or treatment plan, a haematology oncologist can provide an expert review and alternative recommendations if needed. Monitoring and Follow-Up: If you are undergoing treatment for a blood disorder or cancer, regular follow-up with a haematology oncologist is important to monitor your progress, manage side effects, and adjust treatment as necessary. Genetic or Family History: If you have a family history of blood cancers or genetic conditions that predispose you to blood disorders, consulting a haematology oncologist for genetic counselling and early evaluation may be beneficial. Risk Assessment in Haematology Oncology The risk assessment in haematology oncology involves evaluating various factors that can influence the likelihood of developing blood cancers and understanding the potential severity and progression of the disease. This assessment helps in early detection, prevention, and personalised treatment planning. Here’s a breakdown of the key components involved in a comprehensive risk assessment: Medical History Personal Health History: Review of any past or current medical conditions, especially those related to blood or immune system disorders. Family History: Analysis of any family history of haematologic cancers or genetic disorders, as some blood cancers have hereditary components. Genetic Factors Genetic Testing: Identification of specific genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities associated with blood cancers, such as the BCR-ABL gene in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) or mutations in the TP53 gene. Family Genetic Testing: For individuals with a family history of blood cancers, genetic counselling and testing can identify inherited risks and guide early surveillance and preventive strategies. Environmental and Lifestyle Factors Exposure to Radiation: Evaluation of past exposure to high levels of radiation, such as from previous cancer treatments or environmental sources. Chemical Exposure: Assessment of exposure to known carcinogens like benzene, pesticides, or other industrial chemicals. Lifestyle Factors: Consideration of lifestyle choices such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity, which may contribute to cancer risk. Infection History Viral Infections: Assessment of past infections with viruses linked to blood cancers, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). These infections can influence the risk of developing certain types of lymphomas and leukaemias. Previous Cancer Treatments Assessment of Past Treatments: Review of any prior cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which can increase the risk of secondary blood cancers. Chronic Conditions Inflammatory or Autoimmune Diseases: Evaluation of chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, which can increase the risk of developing lymphomas. Symptoms and Clinical Signs Symptom Evaluation: Detailed assessment of symptoms such as unexplained fatigue, recurrent infections, bleeding or bruising, swollen lymph nodes, or bone pain. These symptoms can indicate underlying haematologic issues. Diagnostic Testing Blood Tests: Comprehensive blood tests, including complete blood count (CBC), blood smear, and specific biomarkers, to identify any abnormal findings indicative of blood cancer. Bone Marrow Analysis: Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy to examine the presence of abnormal cells or other abnormalities. Imaging Studies: Utilisation of imaging techniques like CT scans, MRI, and PET scans to detect any physical changes or spread of disease. Assessment of Overall Health General Health Evaluation: Consideration of the patient’s overall health status, including comorbid conditions, which can affect treatment options and outcomes. Consultation with Specialists Multidisciplinary Review: Collaboration with a team of specialists, including haematologists, oncologists, and genetic counsellors, to provide a comprehensive risk assessment and personalised management plan. By integrating these components into a risk assessment, healthcare providers are able to garner a thorough understanding of an individual’s risk factors for haematologic cancers, and accordingly tailor surveillance, preventive measures, and treatment strategies, improving outcomes and quality of life for patients. Why Choose Max Hospitals for Haematology Oncology Care? Choosing Max Hospitals for haematology oncology care offers several advantages that can make a significant difference in the quality and outcomes of treatment. Here’s why Max Hospitals stands out: Expertise and Specialisation Max Hospitals boasts a team of highly skilled haematologists and oncologists who specialise in the diagnosis and treatment of blood cancers. Our expertise spans a wide range of haematological malignancies, including leukaemias, lymphomas, and myelomas. The specialised knowledge and experience of our medical professionals ensure that patients receive the most accurate diagnosis and effective treatment plans. State-of-the-Art Facilities Max Hospitals is equipped with advanced technology and cutting-edge medical equipment. This includes the latest diagnostic tools, imaging systems, and treatment technologies, which enable precise diagnosis and effective treatment. In addition, our facilities support a range of treatments from chemotherapy and radiation therapy to advanced immunotherapy and stem cell transplants. Comprehensive Care The approach at Max Hospitals is holistic, focusing not only on treating the cancer but also on the overall well-being of the patient. Our comprehensive care includes supportive services such as pain management, nutritional support, psychological counselling, and palliative care. This multidisciplinary approach helps address the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of patients. Personalised Treatment Plans At Max Hospitals, treatment plans are tailored to each patient’s unique needs. The medical team works closely with patients to develop personalised treatment strategies based on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as individual health factors. This personalised approach ensures that treatments are optimised for the best possible outcomes. Multidisciplinary Team Approach Treatment at Max Hospitals involves a collaborative team of specialists, including haematologists, oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and nurses. This team works together to ensure a coordinated and integrated approach to patient care, ensuring all aspects of treatment and recovery are covered. Patient-Centric Care At Max Hospitals, we prioritise patient comfort and satisfaction. Our facilities are designed to create a supportive and caring environment, with attention to patient privacy and comfort. The staff is dedicated to providing compassionate care and support throughout the treatment journey. Advanced Supportive Care The hospital offers advanced supportive care services, including access to advanced pain management techniques, psychological support, and rehabilitation services. These services are crucial in managing side effects and improving the quality of life for patients undergoing treatment. Accreditations and Recognition Max Hospitals is recognised for its high standards of care and adherence to international healthcare quality standards. The hospital’s accreditations reflect its commitment to providing top-notch medical care and maintaining excellent patient safety practices. By choosing Max Hospitals for haematology oncology care, patients benefit from a combination of expert medical care, advanced technology, and a supportive environment, all aimed at achieving the best possible outcomes and enhancing the overall patient experience. Review  Reviewed By Dr. Rayaz Ahmed, Senior Director - Cancer Care / Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplant, Hematology Oncology, Haematology on 11 Dec 2024.

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Musculoskeletal cancers affect the bones, muscles, and connective tissues, and are among the most challenging to manage, as they not only limit mobility but also affect independence and overall quality of life. The pain, uncertainty, and emotional strain they cause can be overwhelming for patients and their families. At Max Hospitals, we recognise these difficulties and are committed to providing dedicated care at every step. Our musculoskeletal oncology team delivers specialised treatment across all stages, from accurate diagnosis with advanced imaging to limb-sparing surgeries and other therapies. We provide care that extends past medical treatment to include rehabilitation aimed at improving mobility and daily living. What is Musculoskeletal Oncology? Musculoskeletal oncology is a specialised branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating cancers of the bones, muscles, and connective tissues. These include bone tumours, soft tissue sarcomas, and cancers that spread to the bones from other parts of the body. Because these tumours can affect mobility and overall function, this field combines cancer care with orthopaedic expertise to provide treatments that not only control the disease but also preserve affected bone/muscle movement and quality of life. Musculoskeletal Cancers Treated at Max Hospitals The musculoskeletal oncology department at Max Hospitals provides diagnosis and treatment for a wide range of cancers and complex tumours that affect the bones, muscles, and connective tissues. Each type of cancer requires a different approach, and the department is equipped to manage them with precision and care. Primary Bone Cancers Primary bone cancers start in the bone itself. They are uncommon but often serious, requiring highly specialised treatment. The most common types include: Osteosarcoma: Typically affects children, teenagers, and young adults. It often develops in long bones such as the thigh bone (femur) or shin bone (tibia). Treatment usually involves chemotherapy and surgery, with a focus on limb preservation. Chondrosarcoma: More common in adults, this cancer begins in the cartilage cells that line the bones and joints. As it is less responsive to chemotherapy or radiation, surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. Ewing’s Sarcoma: Seen mainly in children and adolescents, this aggressive cancer can occur in the bones or surrounding soft tissues. It usually requires a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and sometimes radiation therapy. Soft Tissue Sarcomas Soft tissue sarcomas form in the muscles, fat, blood vessels, nerves, and other connective tissues. They can arise anywhere in the body, most commonly in the arms, legs, or abdomen. With more than 50 subtypes identified, each case can be very different in behaviour and treatment response. Management often includes surgery to remove the tumour, supported by radiotherapy or chemotherapy depending on the type and stage. Early detection plays a crucial role in preventing spread and preserving function. Metastatic Bone Disease This condition occurs when cancers from other organs spread to the bones. Breast, prostate, kidney, and lung cancers are among the most common to cause secondary tumours in the bone. Metastatic bone disease can lead to severe pain, fractures with minimal injury, and reduced mobility. At Max Hospital, treatment aims not only to control the spread of cancer but also to stabilise the bones, relieve pain, and maintain independence. Approaches may include surgery, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and supportive care to improve quality of life. Benign but Complex Tumours Some tumours of the bone and soft tissue are non-cancerous but may still require medical attention. These growths can sometimes grow large, weaken the bone, cause deformity, or press on nearby structures such as nerves and blood vessels. Examples include giant cell tumours of bone or aggressive fibromatosis. In such cases, surgery is often required to remove the tumour and restore strength and function, with careful follow-up to prevent recurrence. Diagnostic Methods at Max Hospital’s Musculoskeletal Oncology Department Accurate and timely diagnosis is critical in musculoskeletal oncology, as many bone and soft tissue cancers can be aggressive and require immediate intervention. At Max Hospitals, the department follows a structured diagnostic pathway using advanced technology and specialist expertise. The goal is not only to confirm the presence of a tumour but also to identify its type, stage, and extent, which directly guides treatment planning. Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Diagnosis begins with a detailed consultation, where specialists take a full medical history and review symptoms such as persistent bone or joint pain, unexplained swelling, reduced mobility, or fractures after minor injuries. A physical examination helps assess the location of the mass, its effect on nearby joints and muscles, and overall functional impact. This initial step is crucial in deciding the next line of investigations. Imaging Techniques Imaging is central to diagnosing and staging musculoskeletal cancers. At Max Hospital, the following tests are commonly used: X-rays: Often the first imaging tool, used to detect abnormal growths, bone erosion, or fractures caused by tumours. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Provides detailed images of bones, muscles, and soft tissues, showing the tumour’s size, extent, and relationship with nearby structures such as nerves and blood vessels. CT Scan (Computed Tomography): Offers precise images of bone architecture and is especially useful for planning surgical procedures. PET-CT Scan (Positron Emission Tomography): Detects areas of high cancer activity and helps identify whether the tumour has spread to other parts of the body. Bone Scan: Used to identify cancer spread or other abnormalities within the skeletal system. Biopsy and Pathology A biopsy is the most definitive way to establish the exact nature of a tumour. At Max Hospital, these procedures are performed under strict protocols to ensure accuracy and avoid complications during future surgery. Depending on the case, options include: Core Needle Biopsy: A minimally invasive technique where a small sample is taken with a needle under image guidance. Incisional Biopsy: In cases where more tissue is required, a small portion of the tumour is surgically removed. Excisional Biopsy: The complete tumour is removed, usually for smaller or accessible lesions. The tissue samples are examined by specialised musculoskeletal pathologists, who perform detailed microscopic and molecular testing to determine the exact tumour type and grade. Laboratory and Molecular Tests In addition to imaging and biopsy, blood tests may be recommended to check overall health, organ function, and tumour markers. In certain cases, molecular or genetic studies are performed to identify specific mutations, which can help in selecting targeted therapies. Multidisciplinary Review All findings are brought together in a multidisciplinary tumour board, where orthopaedic oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists jointly discuss each case. This collaborative approach ensures that the diagnosis is accurate and the treatment plan is designed with the patient’s overall health, mobility, and long-term outcomes in mind. Treatment Approaches at Max Hospital’s Musculoskeletal Oncology Department Treatment for musculoskeletal cancers depends on the type of tumour, its location, size, and stage. At Max Hospitals, the department focuses on treatments that aim to remove or control the cancer, while also preserving mobility and quality of life as much as possible. Surgery Surgery remains the most common and effective treatment for bone and soft tissue tumours. The aim is complete tumour removal with clear margins while saving as much of the limb and its function as possible. Surgeons at Max Hospital use modern reconstructive techniques to help patients regain mobility after surgery. Limb-sparing surgery: In many cases, the tumour can be removed without amputation. The affected bone or joint may be replaced with a prosthesis or bone graft, allowing patients to keep their limb. Amputation surgery: This may be needed if the tumour has spread extensively into surrounding muscles, nerves, or blood vessels. Advanced prosthetic fitting and rehabilitation support are provided after surgery. Reconstructive surgery: When a large portion of bone or tissue is removed, reconstruction using bone grafts, metal implants, or customised prostheses helps restore strength, stability, and appearance. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy uses cancer-fighting medicines that travel throughout the body to target cancer cells. It is particularly important in treating bone cancers including osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma. Chemotherapy may be given before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink tumours, making them easier to remove, or after surgery (adjuvant) to lower the risk of recurrence. The treatment plan is carefully monitored by oncologists to adjust doses and manage side effects, ensuring patients can continue with treatment safely. Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells. It is especially useful in treating soft tissue sarcomas or in cases where surgery cannot remove the tumour completely. Radiation may be given before surgery to shrink the tumour or afterwards to kill any remaining microscopic cancer cells. Modern radiation techniques at Max Hospitals allow precise targeting of the tumour, which helps protect healthy muscles, nerves, and bones around it. Targeted Therapy Unlike chemotherapy, which affects all rapidly dividing cells, targeted therapy is designed to act only on specific changes within cancer cells. This makes it a more focused treatment with fewer side effects on healthy tissues. Targeted therapy is usually recommended for advanced or recurrent tumours that show certain molecular changes. Oncologists decide its use after specialised diagnostic tests, ensuring treatment is only given where it can be most effective. Immunotherapy Immunotherapy works differently by activating the body’s immune system to fight cancer. It may involve medicines that help immune cells recognise cancer cells more effectively. Although still used in select musculoskeletal cancers, immunotherapy can play an important role in advanced cases or in patients who do not respond to standard treatments. At Max Hospitals, its use is considered carefully, often as part of a combined treatment plan. Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy Recovery after treatment is as important as the treatment itself. Many patients experience stiffness, weakness, or reduced mobility after surgery or radiation. The rehabilitation team at Max Hospitals provides tailored physiotherapy programmes that focus on restoring strength, balance, and function. Support is also provided for patients adapting to prosthetics or mobility aids, helping them return to everyday activities with confidence. Advanced Technology and Methods at Max Hospital’s Musculoskeletal Oncology Department The treatment of musculoskeletal cancers demands precision and innovation, and Max Hospital’s Musculoskeletal Oncology Department uses advanced technology to support accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and improved recovery. Computer-Assisted Surgical Navigation In complex bone and soft tissue tumour surgeries, computer-assisted navigation helps surgeons achieve greater accuracy. This technology provides real-time guidance, ensuring tumours are removed with precision while preserving as much healthy tissue and function as possible. 3D Printing and Custom Prosthesis Design When bone reconstruction is needed after tumour removal, 3D printing technology is used to design custom implants or prosthetics. This allows for better fit, improved comfort, and restored function, especially in limb-salvage surgeries. Advanced Radiation Therapy Techniques Methods such as Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) are employed for targeted tumour control. These techniques deliver radiation directly to the affected area, sparing surrounding tissues and lowering the risk of side effects. Molecular and Genetic Testing Tumour samples undergo advanced molecular and genetic analysis to identify mutations and markers. These findings guide the use of targeted therapies or immunotherapies, making treatments more effective and personalised to the patient’s cancer type. Minimally Invasive Biopsy Techniques For diagnosis, image-guided biopsies using advanced CT and ultrasound allow doctors to collect tissue samples with high precision and minimal discomfort. This reduces complications and speeds up recovery. Rehabilitation with Advanced Prosthetics and Therapy Methods Rehabilitation is supported by advanced prosthetic technology and tailored physiotherapy programmes. These methods help patients regain mobility and independence after surgery or treatment. Why Choose Max Hospitals for Musculoskeletal Cancer Care Musculoskeletal cancers need specialised attention, and the choice of hospital plays an important role in treatment success. Here are some factors that make Max Hospital stand out: Multidisciplinary Team Approach Musculoskeletal cancers require specialised expertise from different fields. At Max Hospital, orthopaedic oncologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, and rehabilitation specialists work together to provide well-coordinated treatment plans. Focus on Preserving Function Along with removing cancer, the team pays close attention to preserving mobility and strength. Advanced surgical techniques are used to treat tumours while maintaining the best possible function of the affected limb or area. Modern Diagnostic and Treatment Facilities Accurate diagnosis is the first step in effective cancer care. Max Hospital uses advanced imaging, pathology, and molecular testing to identify tumours precisely and plan treatment with greater accuracy. Support Beyond Treatment Recovery does not stop after surgery or therapy. Patients are supported with physiotherapy, pain management, and rehabilitation programmes designed to help them return to daily activities with confidence. Families are also guided through the process to ensure overall support. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Can musculoskeletal cancers affect children as well? Yes, musculoskeletal cancers can occur in people of any age. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, for example, are more often seen in children and teenagers, whereas adults may be more likely to develop chondrosarcoma or soft tissue sarcomas. Because symptoms such as pain, swelling, or reduced movement can sometimes be mistaken for sports injuries or growing pains in children, timely evaluation is very important. 2. How soon should I see a doctor if I notice a lump or swelling near a bone or joint? You should seek medical advice as soon as possible. Any lump, persistent swelling, or pain lasting more than a few weeks, especially if it worsens at night or does not improve with rest, should be examined. Early diagnosis not only increases the chances of effective treatment but also makes limb-sparing surgeries more likely. 3. What kind of specialists are involved in musculoskeletal cancer treatment at Max Hospital? Treatment usually involves a team of specialists. Orthopaedic oncologists focus on surgical treatment of bone and soft tissue tumours. Medical oncologists provide chemotherapy, and radiation oncologists manage radiotherapy. Radiologists and pathologists support accurate diagnosis, while physiotherapists and rehabilitation experts help patients regain movement and function after treatment. This team-based approach ensures that all aspects of care are addressed in a coordinated way. 4. Is limb-sparing surgery always possible in bone cancer cases? In many cases, yes. Advances in surgical techniques, imaging, and prosthetic implants now allow surgeons to remove tumours while preserving the limb and its function. However, this depends on the tumour’s size, type, and location, as well as how much surrounding tissue is affected. If limb-sparing surgery is not possible, doctors may recommend alternatives, such as reconstructive procedures, to help restore mobility and daily function. 5. Will I need rehabilitation after treatment? Rehabilitation is often an important part of recovery. After surgery, patients may need physiotherapy to rebuild strength and restore mobility. Rehabilitation also helps with balance, joint movement, and adapting to any lifestyle changes. It may last from a few weeks to several months depending on the complexity of the surgery and the individual’s response. 6. Can musculoskeletal cancers return after treatment? Yes, there is always a risk of recurrence, either in the same area or in other parts of the body. This is why regular follow-up visits are essential. These usually involve physical examinations, imaging tests, and sometimes blood work to detect any recurrence early. If detected in time, recurrence can often be treated effectively. 7. How long does treatment usually take? The duration varies for each patient. Surgery recovery may take a few weeks, but when chemotherapy or radiation therapy is included, treatment may extend over several months. Doctors usually plan treatment schedules in advance so that patients and families can prepare for the process. 8. Are musculoskeletal cancers hereditary? Most musculoskeletal cancers are not hereditary. However, certain genetic conditions or syndromes may increase the risk in rare cases. If there is a strong family history of cancers or genetic disorders, doctors may recommend genetic counselling and specialised screening to better understand the risk. 9. What lifestyle changes may be needed after treatment? Patients may need to adjust their activity levels during recovery, focusing on gentle exercises and physiotherapy before returning to regular activities. A balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding tobacco or alcohol can also support healing and overall health. Emotional support and counselling can be helpful as recovery can sometimes feel overwhelming. Review Reviewed by Dr. Akshay Tiwari, Senior Director - Musculoskeletal Oncology, Paediatric (Ped) Oncology, Surgical Oncology, Cancer Care / Oncology, on 22 October 2025.

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Neuro Oncology is a branch of medicine that concerns cancers of the brain , spinal cord & peripheral nerves. Cancers of the nervous system are often severe conditions that eventually become life threatening. Cancers of the nervous system may occur as primary tumors or as secondary or metastatic tumors that arise due to cancer that has spread from another part of the body. Primary tumors can occur at any age but they often affect people while they are in their prime. Most primary cancers are more common among males than females, although meningiomas are more common among females. Secondary tumors can spread to the nervous system from another site of origin through metastasis, compression or direct invasion.

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Pediatric oncology deals with treating cancer found in children and adolescents. Even though most types of cancers are common in adults and children, children have different needs. They must be treated by someone who understands these needs thoroughly. With timely diagnosis and correct treatment, pediatric oncologists can cure more than 80% of children with malignant disease. But thanks to the ever-developing medical technology, for many cancers more than 90% of cancer patients who are kids can be treated entirely. Opting for a pediatric oncologist is vital since they are professionally trained to treat kids and young adults. Types The different types of cancer that can be found in children are as follows: Primary cancer: The place where cancer first starts is called primary cancer. Secondary cancer: When the cancer cells break down and spread through the other areas of the body, it is known as secondary cancer. Spinal cord and brain tumours: There are one of the most common kinds of cancer in children. They are primarily found in the brain and the the spinal cord. Symptoms for such types of cancers may include dizziness, double vision, vomiting, etc. Leukaemia: This type of cancer is found in the blood and bone marrow of children. It causes sudden weight loss, bleeding, and joint pain. Lymphoma: Cancer that originates in the lymph node of lymph tissue is known as lymphoma. They can be of two types, Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Wilms tumour: This tumour mainly originates in the kidney and may cause lumps in the abdomen. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and weakness. Neuroblastoma: This type of cancer is usually found in infants. It commonly begins in the abdomen and may cause severe pain and high fever. Retinoblastoma is a common type of eye cancer in children that begins in the retina. It usually occurs when genetic mutations occur in the retina's nerve cells. It is a severe condition and must be treated immediately to extend the child's life expectancy. Sarcoma: It is a type of cancer that begins in the muscles and bones. It can be completely cured if it is diagnosed and treated in the early stages. Germ cell tumours: These tumours occur when the reproductive organs of an unborn baby don't develop correctly. Most of the children diagnosed with germ cell tumours are usually entirely cured. Symptoms may include constipation, difficulty holding urine, etc. Symptoms Children must be checked for cancer if they showcase the following symptoms: Sudden weight loss Extreme weakness Unexplained paleness Sudden change in vision Unusual swelling Fever that doesn't go away Constant Headaches with vomiting Bruising and bleeding easily These symptoms could be related to other infections, too. However, it's advised to check for cancer if the symptoms sustain for long periods of time. How to find a pediatric oncologist? You will be consulting a pediatric oncologist once your child is diagnosed with cancer. Your paediatrician will mostly refer you to a pediatric oncologist. Cancer in children is rarer than cancer in adults making it vital to research the doctors before choosing the right one for your child. Children are prone to contracting several infections, which could display the same symptoms as cancer. Only a pediatric oncologist will be able to diagnose it properly. Thus, relying simply on referrals won't be enough. To choose an excellent pediatric oncologist, you will have to: Find doctors’ names by researching the database of medical associations Compare the credentials of all the doctors Speak to the staff of the doctors Try to find out how many years of experience the doctor holds in the field Enquire about the number of patients the doctor has treated so far in his career Try to connect with a few past patients of the doctor Find online reviews, if any Ensure that the doctor is taking new patients Check if the doctor searches for clinical trials which are suitable for his patients Figure out if the pediatric oncologist is up to date with the latest advancements Book an appointment with the doctor you feel would be the right fit. Sometimes pediatric oncologists might ask to retake specific tests or get additional tests done just to be sure and be prepared for it. After the tests, if they confirm it to be cancer, the doctor will suggest treatments based on the nature of the tumour. Cancer can be overwhelming both for the patients and parents; an excellent pediatric oncologist is one who understands this and provides you with mental and emotional support by referring you to a few psychologists. How do pediatric oncologists diagnose cancer? Doctors conduct a number of tests to diagnose pediatric cancer. Some of them are: Biopsy: Here, a small part of the tissue is extracted and examined under a microscope to determine the type of tumour. The location of the tumour determines the type of biopsy to be performed. Blood tests: Blood tests are vital to diagnosing blood-related cancers like leukaemia. They help determine the amount of red and white blood cells in the body. If the presence of specific cells is too high or too low, it usually indicates cancer. Bone marrow aspiration: A small amount of the fluid is extracted using a needle and then sent to the lab to thoroughly examine and study the fluid. Lumbar puncture: Here, a sample of the cerebral spinal fluid is extracted using a needle and examined in the lab to detect cancer cells. Patients will be administered anaesthetics before the test to numb their lower back area. Ultrasound: It is an imaging test that uses sound waves to give the doctor a picture of the internal organs. CT and MRI scan: A CT scan uses X-rays to give the doctor a clear image of the internal organs of the body, whereas an MRI scan does the same using magnetic fields. PET scan: It is an imaging scan that makes use of radioactive substances to reveal a clear picture of the internal organs of one’s body. A safe amount of radioactive substance is injected inside the body, after which a scanner is used to detect the substance and create a picture of the body's internal organs. If the above-mentioned tests confirm the presence of cancer, the doctor will suggest treatments based on the nature of the cancer. These tests help categorise and describe the nature of cancer thoroughly so that no additional diagnostic tests would be required. However, your doctor may repeat them during treatment to determine their success rate. Last Update Reviewed by Dr. Ramandeep Singh Arora, Associate Director, Paediatric (Ped) Oncology on 30-Oct-2022. FAQs What impact does chemotherapy have on a child's growth and development? Chemotherapy can temporarily affect a child's growth and development, but most children can catch up on their growth after completing the treatment. Is radiation therapy safe for children? With careful planning and administration by experienced doctors and healthcare professionals, radiation therapy can be safe for children. What are the common types of childhood cancers? Leukaemia (blood cancer) is the most common type of cancer in children. Other common cancers include brain tumors, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, malignant bone tumor, retinoblastoma, and germ cell tumors. What are the side effects of chemotherapy in children? Chemotherapy kills rapidly dividing cancer cells. However, as a side effect, it also affects other rapidly dividing cells of the body. Thus, common side effects include hair fall, nail and skin discoloration which are all temporary and recover completely once treatment is over. Complications also depend on the type of cancer, treatment being given, and other factors. Most side effects are usually temporary and settle down once the treatment is over. The paediatric oncology team would guide you based on the child's specific diagnosis. Can childhood cancer recur after treatment? Most childhood cancers are curable. However, there is a risk of cancer coming back after treatment is completed, also known as relapse. What is the chance of a cure or complete recovery from cancer in children? Most cancers in children can be cured if diagnosed early and treated appropriately by doctors with expertise in treating children's cancers. These children will go on to complete their school, college and have family and professional life like other children.  Review Reviewed by Dr Prachi Jain, Senior Consultant -  Cancer Care / Oncology, Hematology Oncology, Paediatric (Ped) Oncology, Paediatric (Ped) Hematology, Medical Oncology, Musculoskeletal Oncology, Neuro Oncology on 22-Apr-2024.

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Lung cancer is an uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells in lungs, this growth of abnormal cells do not carry out the functions of the normal lung cell and also do not help in developing healthy lung tissue. As these cells start growing in both the lungs; they divide swiftly and develop in the form of tumors, Lung cancer may spread to other parts of the body if not discovered and treated early. Mostly tumors that are in one place of the lung and not become noticeable to spread are called “benign tumors”. Tumor that spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system is known as “malignant tumors”; usually the abnormal cells don’t develop in healthy lung tissues. Lung cancer is more difficult to treat when it spreads. One of the most common factors that can cause lung cancer are exposure to radon, air pollution, certain chemicals in the workplace; active passive smoking; or family history of lung cancer. Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths among both male and female, it claims more lives each year than do prostate, ovarian and breast cancers combined.

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Cancers of the organs covered by uro-oncologist inclube the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis). Kidney Cancer What is kidney cancer? Kidney cancer happens when normal cells in the kidney change into abnormal cells and grow out of control. People have 2 kidneys, 1 on each side of the mid-back. The kidneys' job is to filter the blood and remove waste and excess salt and water. Urine is made up of these ingredients. What are the symptoms of kidney cancer? — Smaller kidney tumors do not always cause symptoms. But larger tumors and tumors that have spread outside the kidney can cause symptoms, such as: Blood in the urine Pain on either side of your lower back, in your side, or in your stomach A lump in your belly or on the side of your back Weight loss that you cannot explain These symptoms can also be caused by conditions that are not cancer. But if you have these symptoms, you should be checked by a doctor or nurse. Is there a test for kidney cancer? — Yes. If you have symptoms of kidney cancer, your doctor or nurse might order a test to check your kidneys. These tests can show tumors or abnormal growths. They create images of your kidneys in different ways, and they include: CT scan (a type of X-ray) MRI (uses magnets to create images) Ultrasound (uses sound waves to create images) Most people find out they have kidney cancer after having an imaging test for an unrelated symptom. For example, people sometimes have a CT scan because they have belly pain and then find out they have a tumor in a kidney. What is kidney cancer staging? — Cancer staging is a way in which doctors find out how far a cancer has spread. The right treatment for you will depend a lot on the stage of your cancer. How is kidney cancer treated? People with kidney cancer often have one or both of the following treatments: Surgery – When cancer is confined to the kidney, it is usually treated with surgery with the goal of taking out the entire tumor. This can involve removing all or part of the affected kidney. The decision about how much to remove depends on different things, including how well the other kidney works and how big the tumor is. In some cases, surgery can help even if the cancer has already spread to other parts of the body. Medical treatment – Different medicines can also be used to treat kidney cancer, particularly if it cannot be removed or if there is evidence it has spread. This might include: Targeted therapy – This includes medicines that block certain blood vessels or proteins in your body that help the cancer grow. Immunotherapy – This is the term doctors use for medicines that work with the body's infection-fighting system (the "immune system") to stop cancer growth. What happens after treatment? After treatment, you will be checked every so often to see if the cancer comes back. Follow up tests can include exams, lab tests, and X-ray tests. What happens if the cancer comes back or spreads? If the cancer comes back or spreads, you might have more surgery or medical treatment. Prostate Cancer Overview of prostate cancer Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer that is developed in the prostate gland of a male reproductive system. In most of the cases prostate cancers grow slowly; however, some grow relatively quick, it might be possible that cancer cells may spread from the prostate to other parts of the body, majorly in the bones and nodes. As it develops slowly so initially it may cause no symptoms for many years but later it may lead to difficulties such as problem while urinating. Mostly this type of cancer occurs in men older than age 65. The Prostate is a small gland that is located in a male’s lower abdomen; it is under the bladder that surrounds the urethra. This gland is regulated by the testosterone and produces seminal fluid, also known as semen. If prostate cancer is detected early and is still confined to the prostate gland has better chances of a successful procedure. Urinary Bladder Cancer What is bladder cancer? Bladder cancer happens when normal cells in the bladder change into abnormal cells, and grow out of control. What are the symptoms of bladder cancer? — Bladder cancer causes mild symptoms that can come and go. These include: Blood in the urine, which makes your urine look pink or red Pain on the sides of your back or above your pubic area Pain when urinating, urinating often, or leaking urine These symptoms can also be caused by conditions that are not bladder cancer. But if you have any of these symptoms, you should be checked by a doctor or nurse. Is there a test for bladder cancer? Yes. Doctors can use different types of tests to look for bladder cancer. These include: Urine tests - Urine tests can show what kind of cells are in the urine. X-rays, CT scans, or other imaging tests - These tests create images of the entire urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, and the bladder. They can show tumors or abnormal growths. Cystoscopy – Cystoscopy is a procedure that allows the doctor to look directly inside the bladder. To do a cystoscopy, the doctor inserts a small tube into the urethral opening, the opening through which urine leaves the body. Then he or she pushes the tube up into the bladder. The tube has a tiny camera that projects images of the bladder onto a screen. If the doctor sees anything unusual, he or she might take a sample of tissue (called a biopsy) to look at under the microscope How are bladder cancer treatment decisions made? — Once the diagnosis of bladder cancer is confirmed, the treatment depends on the cancer stage and grade. Cancer staging is a way in which doctors find out how far a cancer has spread. Grading refers to the way the cancer looks under the microscope. The right treatment for you will also depend on how old you are and whether you have any other medical problems. Surgery - Bladder cancer is usually treated with surgery. Depending on how large the cancer is and how far it has spread, doctors can do 1 of 3 things: . Take out the cancer and leave the bladder in place. In many cases this is done through cystoscopy. Usually this procedure has no impact on the ability to urinate. Take out the cancer and a part of the bladder. This option depends on how much of the bladder is involved, and is not done very often. After this procedure, people can often urinate normally. Take out the cancer, the bladder, and nearby internal organs. This option might be necessary for people with advanced bladder cancer. With this type of surgery, the surgeon also has to create a new way for urine to leave the body, because the bladder has been removed (figure 2) Medical therapy – Medicines are an important part of treatment for people with bladder cancer. Doctors use different medicines depending on the extent of the cancer. For people with very early bladder cancer that has not spread into the bladder muscle (called "superficial bladder cancer"), medicine is given directly into the bladder. For people with cancer that invades the bladder muscle, chemotherapy should be given before surgery. Chemotherapy is the medical term for medicines that kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. This can shrink the cancer and make it easier to remove. For people with invasive bladder cancer who did not go through chemotherapy before surgery, chemotherapy can be given once they are healed from surgery. Radiation therapy – Radiation kills cancer cells. Radiation therapy might be an option for some people instead of surgery. It is often given along with chemotherapy. What happens after treatment? — After treatment, you will be checked every so often to see if the cancer comes back. Follow up tests can include urine tests, cystoscopy, and X-rays. Tell your doctor or nurse if you have any of the symptoms listed above. Having those symptoms could mean the cancer has come back. What happens if the cancer comes back or spreads? — If the cancer comes back or spreads, you might have more surgery, or get chemotherapy or radiation. Penile Cancer Penile cancer is a rare type of cancer that occurs on the skin of the penis or within the penis. It most commonly affects men over the age of 50. Testicular Cancer Testicular Cancer is a rare type of Cancer that occurs in the male organs that make male hormones and sperm (testicles). Treatments include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. What We Do Cancers we treat The management of urologic cancers have transformed over the years with technical innovations in surgery and radiation, advancements in targeted therapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The team aims to deliver state-of-the-art disease management by integrating the latest medical technologies, minimally invasive therapies and research. The diseases treated include malignancies of Prostate, adrenal, kidney, upper urinary tracts, Urinary bladder, Testis, Penile and urethral cancers In early stage cancer different surgical modalities are employed to treat these cancers, often in a multi-disciplinary team approach with the integration of expertise by medical oncology and/or radiation oncology. In advanced/metastatic stage urological cancers, systemic therapy approach comprising chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, alone or in combinations is employed to achieve maximum patient benefit. Surgical Uro-Oncology & Robotics We regularly perform Robotic/laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy, Robotic/Laparoscopic/Open radical nephrectomy, Robotic/Open radical nephrectomy with inferior vena cava thrombectomy for advanced kidney cancer, Robotic radical prostatectomy and Robotic/Open radical cystectomy with intracorporeal/open urinary diversions amongst others. Endourological procedures and other less-invasive treatment alternatives (where appropriate) for urologic cancers such as active surveillance are offered for select candidates. Our team have been at the forefront of pioneering complex surgeries in a minimal invasive manner such as Robotic radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy and Robotic radical cystectomy with intracorporeal neobladder/ileal conduit formation. These procedures are currently being performed in only a handful of centres around the world. The complication rates are no more than that of at best centers around the world. The average length of stay after surgery for all robotic cases (except radical cystectomy) has been less than 48-72 hours keeping in sync with our motto of eager to get you home!! The clinical activities of the Center are supported by world-class clinical experts in pathology, radiology, and anesthesia team. Intraop – IVC and renal vein dissection during robotic radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy Radiation Oncology Radiation Oncology for urogenital tumors takes pride of treating about 16% patients with rare or special tumors like pediatric RMS, Small cell carcinomas and double Cancer that requires a dedicated-integrated Multi-specialty Team for best outcome. Radiation Oncology department at Max Hospital, is equipped with ‘State of Art’ facility of IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy), IGRT (Image Guided Radiation Therapy) SBRT (Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy) which allow very focused precise treatment. We are amongst leading institution that regularly does short course radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Whole treatment is done in 5 weeks instead of 8 weeks that leads to better compliance, as mostly these patients are elderly. We pay equal importance to cure as well as quality of life and offer ‘Organ Conservative Radiation Therapy’ in suitable patients with Urinary bladder Cancer. Uro-Medical oncology Uro-Medical oncology takes care of judicious use of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormonal therapy and immunotherapy in the treatment of Urological Cancers. The intent of treatment is cure in cases where the disease is localized. In those cases where disease is widespread and cure is not possible, we aim to control the disease, improve of maintain quality of life, prevent/delay cancer complications and increase the survival. Uro-Medical Oncology is one of the most dynamic and rapidly developing fields in Oncology. Over last decade more than 20 new targeted therapies, hormonal agents and immunotherapy agents have shown improvement in survival outcomes of patients with urological cancers. During treatment, updated standard practice guidelines are followed strictly. The new concept of chemo-hormonal therapy in metastatic prostate cancer is routinely practiced and the survival data is remarkable. Metastatic kidney cancer is a unique entity in which there is little role of chemotherapy. Such cancers are successfully treated with oral targeted therapy. How is Urologic Cancer Diagnosed? Thorough evaluation is done in a systematic manner for making a particular diagnosis. Patient’s symptoms, personal and family medical history, physical exam and screening tests can help identify a patient’s urologic cancer type. Urologic cancer symptoms vary depending on the specific cancer type, and may include: Abdominal pain Blood in urine Elevated hormone levels Enlarged prostate The diagnostic tests recommended will depend on specific symptoms and may include: Biopsy Blood tests to evaluate hormone levels Bone scan CT scan (computed tomography) Digital rectal exam Liver function test MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging) PET CT scan Pelvic exam Renal arteriography Ultrasound Urine test Urologic oncology care at Max Institute of Cancer Care is a multidisciplinary team approach that includes the Uro-Oncologist, medical oncologist, radiation oncologist and many cancer care associates. It is holistic at its core – healing the body, mind and spirit -- so that patients are back doing the activities they love. Patient health and well-being are top priorities and every effort is made to compassionately guide our patients and their families through the treatment process—from the first hospital visit to the postoperative appointment. Taking Patient Care to the Next Level Our team collaborates on each patient’s case, tailoring a precise treatment plan that is best suited to the patient’s physical, mental and emotional needs. Every case is discussed in tumor board and a wide array of treatment options are offered ranging from conventional care to leading-edge alternatives. Patients facing a urological cancer diagnosis can be confident that they will receive the most advanced and effective disease treatment.

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