Gynaecological Cancers: Symptoms, Causes, & Prevention

Gynaecological cancers (often called 'gynae cancers') are cancers that begin in a woman's reproductive organs. These include the cervix, ovaries, uterus (womb), vagina, and vulva.

These cancers occur over a variable age spectrum, ranging from as early as 10-20 years of age, extending to the postmenopausal age group.

Early detection of these cancers is possible and is important because, for most, survival rates are higher when diagnosed at an early stage. Hence, awareness of symptoms and regular screening are the best ways to protect yourself.

Uterine Cancer

This is a cancer of the lining of the uterus (womb). It presents with disturbances in menstrual pattern, often involving heavy and prolonged bleeding, bleeding in between periods, vaginal discharge, abdominal pain, and bleeding after menopause. It is more common in obese women and those with high blood pressure or diabetes. It is possible to detect this cancer early by visiting a gynaecologist if any of these symptoms occur.

Cervical Cancer

This cancer is very common in India and is caused by a virus called Human Papillomavirus (HPV). When the infection of this virus remains in the cervix for a long time, it can cause pre-cancer, further leading to cancer. It presents with excessive discharge per vaginum, bleeding after sexual intercourse or bleeding in between periods, and abdominal pain.

This is the only gynaecological cancer which the HPV vaccine can prevent. Vaccinating young girls can almost completely prevent this cancer. Also, if a woman undergoes regular screening with a PAP smear or HPV DNA test, this cancer can be prevented.

Ovarian Cancer

This is the cancer which arises from the ovaries. It usually presents at a late stage and develops over a short period, as symptoms are non-specific and include abdominal distention, bloating, dyspepsia, early satiety, urinary complaints, or changes in bowel habits. These symptoms are often dismissed by patients as gastric symptoms, leading to disease progression and late diagnosis. It occurs frequently in those with a family history of cancer.

Hence, genetic counselling is strongly recommended for those who have a family history of cancer and close follow-up of such individuals is required. Also, if any woman experiences such non-specific symptoms, she should visit a doctor and undergo ultrasonography.

Vulval Cancer

This cancer occurs on the external genital area of a female. It usually presents with a lump, itching, or a change in the skin colour or texture of that area. It also occurs in females with an HPV infection. Hence, early evaluation of any such symptoms can prevent the development of such cancer.

Vaginal Cancer

This is a rare cancer that occurs in the birth canal. It presents with vaginal bleeding, discharge, pain or a lump in the vagina. It can also occur in females treated for cervical cancer. Regular follow-up and pelvic examination can help diagnose this cancer.

General Preventive Strategies For Gynaecological Cancers

• HPV vaccination: Protects both girls and boys against cervical and other HPV-related cancers.
• Routine screening: Regular PAP smears or HPV testing for early detection.
• Healthy lifestyle: Eat vegetables and whole grains, exercise regularly, and maintain a healthy weight.
• Avoid tobacco and alcohol: Reduces cancer risk significantly.
• Prompt evaluation: Seek care for abnormal bleeding, pain, or discharge.
• Genetic counselling: Recommended for families with a history of cancer.

Conclusion

Female cancers can be prevented. Regular screening, vaccination of young girls with the HPV vaccine, and medical evaluation of any bleeding per vaginum that is unusual from before can decrease the risk of cancer. It can also lead to early diagnosis of cancer.