Mental Health And Behavioural Sciences

Akathisia is derived from the Greek word "akathemi", which means "a condition of never sitting down". Akathisia is a condition where the person feels an intense urge to move, resulting in intense restlessness. The patient feels an undeniable urge to move regularly. It usually appears as a side-effect of taking first-generation antipsychotics. These drugs have been used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, cases have been recorded where people have also developed this condition after taking newer drugs. It is estimated that around 20-70% of the people who have consumed these medicines have shown akathisia as a side effect, usually in the first few weeks of their treatment.

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Anxiety is characterised by feelings of excessive worry, fear, and uneasiness about normal day-to-day situations, which are perceived as dangerous. It is frequently accompanied by physical symptoms like muscular tension, restlessness, fatigue, inability to catch one's breath, abdominal discomfort, etc. We all feel some degree of anxiety at times, which is usually a normal response to a stressful situation, for e.g. before exams or an interview or any challenging task, or when faced with a negative situation. It becomes a disorder when it starts overwhelming you, or it persists regardless of the situation, negatively affecting your productivity, relationships, work, studies or quality of life.

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Depression can be described as feeling sad, unhappy, miserable, or down in the dumps. It is widely related to mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for weeks or longer. Common symptoms include irritation, restlessness, feelings of hoplessness, sleeping disorders etc.

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Witnessing a child experience a seizure can be deeply unsettling for any parent. When this happens alongside a fever, it is often due to a febrile seizure, a common and typically harmless condition in young children. While the episode may seem alarming, febrile seizures rarely cause long-term health concerns. Gaining a clear understanding of what they are, the types, and how to respond can help ease fears and build confidence. At Max Hospitals, we’re here to offer that clarity and reassurance. Our experienced paediatric specialists are well-equipped to evaluate the cause, guide you through the next steps, and provide gentle, expert care, so you feel informed, supported, and assured that your child’s wellbeing is in safe hands.

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Obsessive compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder in which people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations, or behaviour that make them feel driven to do something. Common activities include hand washing, counting of things, and checking to see if a door is locked. Some may have difficulty throwing things out. These activities occur to such a degree that the person's daily life is negatively affected.Often they take up more than an hour a day.Most adults realize that the behaviors do not make sense. The condition is associated with tics, anxiety disorder, and an increased risk of suicide.

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Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe psychiatric condition that influences an individual's thought processes, emotions, and actions. People diagnosed with schizophrenia may appear disconnected from reality, causing distress for both themselves and their family members. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling. Understanding schizophrenia is crucial as it can lead to better treatment options and a more empathetic approach to those affected by it. Types of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder with several subtypes, each presenting distinct symptoms that affect individuals differently. Paranoid schizophrenia: Characterised by prominent delusions and auditory hallucinations. Individuals often believe they are being persecuted or have extraordinary abilities. Disorganised schizophrenia: Marked by disorganised speech and behaviour, as well as inappropriate or flat affect, individuals show little or no emotions in their facial expressions, voice tone, or mannerisms. This type severely affects daily functioning. Catatonic schizophrenia: Involves extremes of behaviour, from getting hyperactive to complete immobility. Individuals may also exhibit echolalia (meaninglessly repeating what another person says) or echopraxia (involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's actions). Undifferentiated schizophrenia: A type that doesn't fit neatly into the other categories but still involves symptoms of schizophrenia. Residual schizophrenia: Characterised by a history of schizophrenia but currently no prominent psychotic symptoms, though some symptoms exist but are weaker than in other subtypes. Causes of Schizophrenia The exact cause of schizophrenia is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic, brain chemistry, and environmental factors. Genetics: Schizophrenia tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic component. However, it is not solely determined by genetics, as many people with a family history of schizophrenia do not develop the disorder. Brain structure and chemistry: Abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitter systems, particularly involving dopamine and glutamate, are linked to schizophrenia. Environmental factors: Prenatal malnutrition, exposure to viruses, as well as psychosocial elements such as childhood trauma or stress may elevate the likelihood of developing schizophrenia. Substance use: Some studies suggest that taking mind-altering drugs during teenage years and young adulthood can increase the risk of schizophrenia. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia symptoms generally fall into three categories: positive, negative, and cognitive. Positive symptoms: These are psychotic behaviours not seen in healthy people, including hallucinations, delusions, disorganised thinking, and movement disorders. Negative symptoms: These include decreased ability to function normally, such as reduced speaking, lack of pleasure in everyday life, and neglect of personal hygiene. Cognitive symptoms: Subtle or severe, these symptoms affect memory, attention, and executive functions. They may struggle to follow instructions, pay attention, or complete tasks. Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Diagnosing schizophrenia involves a combination of physical exams, psychological evaluations, and diagnostic tests. The process includes: Physical exam: To rule out other conditions that could cause symptoms. Lab tests: These might include tests to screen for alcohol and drugs and imaging studies like MRI or CT scans. Psychiatric evaluation: A psychiatrist assesses mental status by asking about thoughts, moods, delusions, hallucinations, substance use, and potential for suicidal or violent behaviour. Diagnostic criteria: To diagnose schizophrenia, the doctor may use criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Treatment of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia requires lifelong treatment, even when symptoms have subsided. Treatment options include: Medications: Antipsychotic medications play a crucial role in the treatment of schizophrenia. These help control symptoms by affecting neurotransmitter systems. Therapy: Psychosocial treatments can help patients cope with daily challenges. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), family therapy, and social skills training are beneficial. Hospitalisation: Severe symptoms may require hospitalisation to ensure safety, proper nutrition, sleep, and hygiene. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): ECT may be an option for patients who do not respond to medication. Complications of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia can lead to numerous complications, affecting various aspects of life: Self-harm and suicide: Schizophrenia significantly increases the risk of self-harm and suicide. Substance abuse: Many individuals with schizophrenia may use alcohol or drugs to cope with their symptoms, leading to substance abuse problems. Social isolation: The symptoms and stigma associated with schizophrenia can lead to social isolation and loneliness. Health issues: Individuals with schizophrenia often have a higher incidence of physical health problems, including heart disease and diabetes, partly due to a sedentary lifestyle and poor self-care. Legal and financial problems: Schizophrenia can lead to legal issues and financial instability due to impaired judgement and inability to work. Prevention of Schizophrenia While there is no sure way to prevent schizophrenia, early treatment can help manage symptoms before serious complications develop. Some preventive strategies include: Early intervention: Recognising and treating symptoms early can improve the long-term outlook. Stress management: Reducing stress and learning coping mechanisms can help prevent the worsening of symptoms. Healthy lifestyle: Following a healthy way of life, such as having a good diet, staying physically active, and refraining from using drugs, may enhance mental health. Support systems: A strong support system can help individuals effectively manage their symptoms and lower the chances of complications. Schizophrenia necessitates thorough treatment and support due to its complex and challenging nature. Understanding its types, causes, symptoms, and treatment options can foster a more empathetic approach towards those affected. Early intervention and continuous support are crucial in managing schizophrenia effectively and improving the quality of life for those living with this condition. FAQs What is the role of psychotherapy in treating schizophrenia? Psychotherapy, including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), helps individuals with schizophrenia manage symptoms, improve social skills, and address emotional challenges, complementing medication for comprehensive treatment. Can stress worsen schizophrenia symptoms? Yes, stress can exacerbate schizophrenia symptoms, triggering or intensifying episodes of psychosis, delusions, and hallucinations due to its impact on the brain's chemical balance.  Does shock treatment help schizophrenia? Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can be effective for treating schizophrenia, particularly for severe symptoms, catatonia, or when rapid response is needed, despite potential side effects. What is schizoaffective disorder, and how is it different from schizophrenia? Schizoaffective disorder features symptoms of both schizophrenia (psychosis) and mood disorders (depression or bipolar). Unlike schizophrenia, it includes significant mood episode components. What is a relapse in schizophrenia, and how can it be prevented? A relapse in schizophrenia is the return of symptoms after improvement. Prevention involves adherence to treatment plans, medication compliance, stress management, and regular medical follow-ups. Review  Reviewed By Dr Sandeep Govil, Senior Consultant - Psychiatry, Mental Health And Behavioural Sciences on 15 July 2024.

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Tourette syndrome is typically a condition that causes people to make repeated, quick movements or sounds that they cannot control. These movements or sounds are called tics. ourette's is no longer considered a rare condition, but it is not always correctly identified because most cases are mild and the severity of tics decreases for most children as they pass through adolescence. Between 0.4% and 3.8% of children and adolescents ages 5 to 18 may have Tourette's. The prevalence of other tic disorders in school-age children is higher, with the more common tics of eye blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements.

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